The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: evidence from two national samples
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional age differences in the Big Five personality traits were investigated using 2 large datasets from Great Britain and Germany: the British Household Panel Study (BHPS; N > or = 14,039) and the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSEOP; N > or = 20,852). Participants, who ranged in age from 16 to the mid-80s, completed a 15-item version of the Big Five Inventory (e.g., John & Srivastava, 1999) in either 2005 or 2006. The observed age trends were generally consistent across both datasets. Extraversion and Openness were negatively associated with age, whereas Agreeableness was positively associated with age. Average levels of Conscientiousness were highest for participants in middle age. The only exception was Neuroticism, which was slightly negatively associated with age in the BHPS and slightly positively associated with age in the GSEOP. Neither gender nor education level were consistent moderators of age differences in the Big Five.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Birth cohort (82) and cross-national differences (83), as well as dispositional change during social upheaval (84)(85)(86)(87), also suggest that sociocultural factors influence personality.”
From Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States (2010) · cites this paper as [82]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1999) · Cited by 7,995
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001 · Cited by 4,244
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Knight, B. G., & Park, D. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-07221-3 · Cited by 3,440
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 · Cited by 3,318
Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings.
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 · Cited by 2,986
Personality Development: Stability and Change
Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913 · Cited by 2,699
The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192 · Cited by 2,442
Self-citationGender differences in personality: A meta-analysis.
Feingold, A. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429 · Cited by 2,240
Empirical, Theoretical, and Practical Advantages of the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868306294907 · Cited by 2,171
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 569
Kişilik Özellikleri ve Mesleki İlgiler Arasındaki İlişki: Boylamsal Bir Çalışma
Barmanpek, U., & Steele, C. (2020) · Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.9775/kausbed.2020.025 · Cited by 1
Philip, J., & Kosmidou, V. (2024) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12701 · Cited by 1
Spicing it up: A qualitative analysis of discussions of sexual novelty in mixed-gender couples
Beninteso, M., Pieruccini, M. V., Rigby, R. A., & Cobb, R. J. (2025) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs-2025-0030 · Cited by 1
العوامل الخمسة الکبرى للشخصية وعلاقتها بالتقدير الذاتي للسعادة لدى عينة من طلاب الجامعة
الخالق, أ. م. ع. (2022) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/bfalex.2022.223627 · Cited by 1
Can A Woman Travel As A Woman? Perceptions of Travel Barriers to Women by Personality Trait
Tanrısever, C., Karaset, Ş. B., & Koç, D. E. (2023) · Turyzm/Tourism · doi:10.18778/0867-5856.33.1.10 · Cited by 1
Kannan, C., Jones, A. L., Towler, J. R., & Tree, J. J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322165 · Cited by 1
Suso‐Ribera, C. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2025.065646 · Cited by 1
Hamdani, L., Demel, R., Hutter, S., & Specht, J. (2026) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251413297 · Cited by 1
The effects of noncognitive skills on the native–migrant wage gap
Fernandes, M. (2026) · Migration Studies · doi:10.1093/migration/mnag017 · Cited by 1
Jalynskij, M., Neyer, F. J., & Lechner, C. M. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261444881 · Cited by 1
Yehya, A., Ausmees, L., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., & Realo, A. (2026) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000604 · Cited by 1
Perceived Brand Age and Its Influence on Choice
Guillory, M. D. (2022) · doi:10.57709/3211157 · Cited by 1
Personality Is Reflected in Brain Morphometry
Petrosini, L., Cutuli, D., Picerni, E., & Laricchiuta, D. (2018) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7647-8_24 · Cited by 1
Einflussfaktor subjektives Alter
Maßmann, A. (2018) · doi:10.3278/6004619w · Cited by 1
Fernández, M. B., Galkuté, M., & Reyes, V. (2022) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2022.2149677 · Cited by 1
Assess the Relationship Between People’s Big Five Figures and Their Parents and Parenting Styles
Zhang, K. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-89-3_181 · Cited by 1
Psychological Profile of Hungarian International-Level Distance Runners
Kelemen, B., Tóth, R., Benczenleitner, O., & Tóth, L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2024-0024 · Cited by 1
Learning to be (un)hip in panel data
Moelders, A.-M., & Buchstaller, I. (2025) · Diachronica · doi:10.1075/dia.24008.moe · Cited by 2
André, R. (2015) · International Journal of Management Practice · doi:10.1504/ijmp.2015.071688 · Cited by 1
Meulemann, H., & Birkelbach, K. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-15362-5_8 · Cited by 1
The interaction between personality and health policy: Empirical evidence from the UK smoking bans
Josten, C., & Lordan, G. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100899 · Cited by 1
Open-Source Personality Trait Norms for the United Kingdom and Ireland
Twomey, C. D., & Johnson, J. A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000644 · Cited by 2
Yang, C., Mpofu, E., Li, X., Dorstyn, D., Li, Q., & Brock, K. E. (2021) · Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling · doi:10.1017/jrc.2021.7 · Cited by 1
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Stokoe, N. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2015.1.276.36 · Cited by 1
Ausén, B. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 1
Personality Trait Change in Old Age
Allemand, M., & Hill, P. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-082-7_114 · Cited by 1
The Empirical Content of Marital Surplus in Matching ModelsPreprint
Doorley, K., Dupuy, A., & Weber, S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3243891 · Cited by 1
Psychological aspects of ageing
Schulze, E. T., Ruppert, P. D., Heady, G., & Schwarz, L. R. (2022) · Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1002/9781119484288.ch3 · Cited by 1
Levesque, R. J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_583 · Cited by 1
The Stability of Daily Situation ExperiencesPreprint
Finnigan, K. M. (2020) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/ghpze · Cited by 1
Validation of Propensity to Cooperation QuestionnairePreprint
Djukanovic, D., & Cerović, R. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/msn79 · Cited by 1
The impact of neuroticism on an individual's intelligence scores: a cross cultural study
المدني, خ. م. (2010) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 1
Elaboração e validação de escala de diferencial semântico para avaliação de personalidade
Passos, M. F. D. (2014) · doi:10.26512/2014.11.t.17993 · Cited by 1
Testing gender and ethnicity invariance of the comorbidity structure of common mental disorders.
Eaton, N. R. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Анатольевич, З. А., & Lebedeva, E. A. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Stability and Change in Women's Personality Across the Life Course
LeBaron, C. D. L. (2013) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University)
HIV Testing Among Young African American Men Who Have Sex With Men
Awopeju, T. B. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Clinical Trauma-Correlates and the Motivation for Psychotherapy
Vogel, M., & Grönke, S. (2012) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000115
ASPECTOS DE LA PERSONALIDAD Y PERSONALIDAD PRE-MÓRBIDA EN LA ENFERMEDAD DE PARKINSON
Rodrigues, C. Y. D. S., Castro, F. V., & de Figueiredo, P. A. C. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v5.668
Conscience de soi dans le vieillissement normal et pathologique
Feyers, D. (2011) · ORBi (University of Liège)
Меняются ли показатели Темной триады с возрастом?
Егорова, М., Ситникова, М. А., Паршикова, О., & Давидовна, Ч. Ю. (2015) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v8i43.515
Clark, A. E., & Georgellis, Y. (2010)
Berwick, A. C., & NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (2013) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Lundry, S. L. (2015) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Three Essays on Retirement and Savings Behaviour
Nunes, B. F. (2016) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Ontogenetic and Gender Dimensions in a Normative Study of the Dreams of Canadians
Dale, A. (2017) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-20119
Understanding How Undergraduate Students and Seniors Perceive Jury Duty and Child Witnesses
O’Connor, A. M. (2018) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Person-Situation Transactions across the Lifespan
Corker, K. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190263348.013.26
Self-citationModelling and Analysing Behaviours and Emotions via Complex User InteractionsPreprint
Mostafa, M. M. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.07683
Wiek a nasilenie objawów traumy i wsparcie społeczne u osób zakażonych wirusem HIV
Oniszczenko, W., Rzeszutek, M., Żebrowska, M., & Firląg‐Burkacka, E. (2017) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323528111.pp.209-222
Essays on financial decision making
Gerhard (2019) · doi:10.26481/dis.20190606pg
Kil, T.-Y., & 이진용 (2017) · Social Welfare Policy · doi:10.15855/swp.2017.44.4.107
Mohammed, M.-E. B. (2017) · Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university)
Filipiak, S., & Łubianka, B. (2019) · Psychologia Wychowawcza · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0013.2961
Świst, K., & Skórska, P. (2016) · Jagiellonian Digital Library (Jagiellonian University)
Henke, J. (2020) · Life course research and social policies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36323-9_9
Leveraging the Common Model to Inform the Research Agenda on Aging and Wisdom
Löckenhoff, C. E. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750923
Persönlichkeitsbasierte Personalisierung von Service-Apps
Arz, S., & Mann, A. (2020) · Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-30166-8_11
Cordella, M., & Poiani, A. (2021) · International perspectives on aging · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60071-6_5
Cross-cultural Issues in Late-Life Anxiety
Lin, X., & Hosseini, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139087469.005
Personality Dynamics over the LifecoursePreprint
Gensowski, M., Gørtz, M., & Schurer, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3605362
Lignier, B., & Lheureux, F. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.02.006
هل تتغیر الشخصیة خلال مرحلة الرشد؟
حسن, ب. ح. (2017) · مجلة الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية · doi:10.21608/fjhj.2017.166054
川本, 哲. (2016) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.15083/00073225
Involuntary responses to facial cues as an indicator of personality type across age and culture
Kannan, C. (2021) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.58265
Watzka, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35034-5_2
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816401-3.16001-9
(2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-016-020211009
Cognitive Profiling for Job Recruitments: A Clustering-Based Approach
Verma, A., Deep, P., Aman, K., Khemchandani, V., Chandra, S., & Sharma, G. (2021) · International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE) · doi:10.1109/compe53109.2021.9751962
PERSONALITY IS COMPLETELY STABLE (OR SET LIKE PLASTER) AFTER AGE 30
Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118851715.ch13
Self-citationPersonality Trait Change in Old Age
Allemand, M., & Hill, P. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_114-1
Dikken, J. (2019) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2155-1_6
Levesque, R. J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_583
MEN ARE FROM MARS, WOMEN ARE FROM VENUS (MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES)
Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118851715.ch27
Self-citationMeasuring Experiential Well-Being Among Older AdultsPreprint
Lucas, R. E., Freedman, V. A., & Carr, D. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/umgb4
Self-citationScherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mvx8t
Determinants of Changes in Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly
Mišetić, K., Koso-Drljević, M., & Đapo, N. (2022) · Društvene i humanističke studije · doi:10.51558/2490-3647.2022.7.2.693
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE TO TOLERANCE IN A SAMPLE OF EMPLOYEES
AL-MASHAAN, O. S. (2022) · International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research · doi:10.47832/2757-5403.13.6
Der Offizier und die Anderen: Persönlichkeit im sozioökonomischen Kontext
Elbe, M. (2022) · Militär und Sozialwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37249-1_7
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0007
The Self as Agent, the Self as Observer
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0004
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0011
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0001
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0008
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0003
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0005
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.002.0007
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.002.0003
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0006
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.002.0004
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0002
Maibom, H. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637081.003.0009
Posledice življenja starih ljudi v samoti in kako jih lahko preprečimo
Balent, I., Gungl, B., & Horvat, L. (2022) · Socialno delo · doi:10.51741/sd.2022.61.2-3.249-256
Metadata
- Authors
- Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- German Institute for Economic Research (DE)
- ORCID
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 558-566
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- PMC
- PMC2562318
- OpenAlex
- W2036924469
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (1R03AG026028-01; 1R03AG028744-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Big Five personality traits, age differences, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, British Household Panel Survey, German Socio-Economic Panel, gender differences, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Educational Status, Female, Germany, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Sex Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review