Personality Development: Stability and Change

Caspi, Avshalom; Roberts, Brent W.; Shiner, Rebecca L.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913

Cited by 2,699Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyEgo Development and Educational Practices

Personality Development: Stability and Change

Caspi, Avshalom, Roberts, Brent W., Shiner, Rebecca L.·2005·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913

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Abstract

In this review, we evaluate four topics in the study of personality development where discernible progress has been made since 1995 (the last time the area of personality development was reviewed in this series). We (a) evaluate research about the structure of personality in childhood and in adulthood, with special attention to possible developmental changes in the lower-order components of broad traits; (b) summarize new directions in behavioral genetic studies of personality; (c) synthesize evidence from longitudinal studies to pinpoint where and when in the life course personality change is most likely to occur; and (d) document which personality traits influence social relationships, status attainment, and health, and the mechanisms by which these personality effects come about. In each of these four areas, we note gaps and identify priorities for further research.

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Stability in the sense of unchanging behavior does not imply immutability.
“Stability, in the sense of unchanging behavior, does not imply immutability (Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner, 2005; Kagan, 1999).”
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Dispositional traits account for broad consistencies in behavior across situations and over time.
“Typically assessed via self-report scales, dispositional traits account for broad consistencies in behavior across situations and over time.”
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Neuroticism is the personality trait most strongly associated with many forms of psychopathology.
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Personality traits are stable and enduring.
“Considering that personality traits are deemed to be stable and enduring (Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner, 2005), this study represents an opportunity to determine whether oxytocin alters core perceptions of the self.”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner, 2005
Extraverted and agreeable children are more socially competent in their youth and later in adulthood.
“Extraverted and agreeable children are more socially competent in their youth and later in adulthood, and these personality traits are associated with more positive responses from social partners (Asendorpf & van Aken, 2003; Caspi et al., 2005; Shiner, 2000).”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Caspi et al., 2005

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Patterns of Continuity: A Dynamic Model for Conceptualizing the Stability of Individual Differences in Psychological Constructs Across the Life Course.
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A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence
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Personality and organizations: A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis.
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INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES: The Interplay of Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral Activities in Social Interaction
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Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting
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Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting.
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Personality Development in the Context of the Neo-Socioanalytic Model of Personality
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It's Not Just Who You're With, It's Who You Are: Personality and Relationship Experiences Across Multiple Relationships
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Personality–Relationship Transaction in Adolescence: Core Versus Surface Personality Characteristics
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Modeling Intraindividual Change in Personality Traits: Findings From the Normative Aging Study
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An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: Is acting extraverted as "good" as being extraverted?
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Predicting preschoolers' externalizing behaviors from toddler temperament, conflict, and maternal negativity.
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The Big Five and enduring marriages
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Conscientiousness and Integrity at Work
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The limits of family influence: genes, experience, and behavior
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Genetics and Experience: The Interplay between Nature and Nurture
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Genetic Polymorphisms and Personality in Healthy Adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Assessing Young Children's Views of Their Academic, Social, and Emotional Lives: An Evaluation of the Self-Perception Scales of the Berkeley Puppet Interview
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Friendships and Adaptation Across the Life Span
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Longitudinal Stability of Adult Personality
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Altruism and Antisocial Behavior: Independent Tendencies, Unique Personality Correlates, Distinct Etiologies
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The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality and self-opinion
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General Traits of Personality and Affectivity as Predictors of Satisfaction in Intimate Relationships: Evidence from Self‐ and Partner‐Ratings
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Lexical Studies of Indigenous Personality Factors: Premises, Products, and Prospects
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Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology.
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The relationship code: deciphering genetic and social influences on adolescent development
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Personality and divorce: A genetic analysis.
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Genetics and experience
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The emergence of human emotions.
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Predicting relapse back to smoking: Contrasting affective and physical models of dependence.
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The nurture assumption
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Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity: The aging and death of the ‘Termites’.
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Childhood Personality Foreshadows Adult Personality and Life Outcomes Two Decades Later
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How shall we speak of children's personalities in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy.
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The growing evidence for personality change in adulthood: Findings from research with personality inventories
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Clinically Abusive Relationships in an Unselected Birth Cohort: Men's and Women's Participation and Developmental Antecedents.
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Nature, Nurture, and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 Years: A Parent-Offspring Adoption Study
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Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized
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A Three‐Factor Model of Trait Anger: Dimensions of Affect, Behavior, and Cognition
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The cumulative continuity model of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the life course
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Personality Structure as Derived From Parental Ratings of Free Descriptions of Children: The Inventory of Child Individual Differences
Halverson, C. F., Havill, V. L., Deal, J. E., Baker, S. R., Victor, J. B., Pavlopoulos, V., Besevegis, E., & Liu, W. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106005 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Strong genetic effects on cross‐situational antisocial behaviour among 5‐year‐old children according to mothers, teachers, examiner‐observers, and twins’ self‐reports
Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Rijsdijk, F. V., Jaffee, S. R., Ablow, J. C., & Measelle, J. R. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00168 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
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Behavioral inhibition: Stability and associations with adaptation from childhood to early adulthood.
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Personality and Parenting
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Sibling, Peer, Neighbor, and Schoolmate Correlations as Indicators of the Importance of Context for Adolescent Development
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A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness
Roberts, B. W., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Stark, S. E. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00065-5 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
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Biology and the child.
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Nature over Nurture: Temperament, Personality, and Life Span Development
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3077.003.0051 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A Socioanalytic Model of Maturity
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Person‐Environment Fit and Its Implications for Personality Development: A Longitudinal Study
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Stability and Change in Adult Personality Over 6 Years: Findings From the Victoria Longitudinal Study
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Can personality explain genetic influences on life events?
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Issues in the Study of Personality Development
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Developmental models of infant and childhood temperament.
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Linking childhood personality with adaptation: Evidence for continuity and change across time into late adolescence.
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Trait psychology comes of age.
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Relational victimization in childhood and adolescence: I hurt you through the grapevine.
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The Relationship Code: Deciphering Genetic and Social Influences on Adolescent Development
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Parental Descriptions of Child Personality
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Human Genetics for the Social Sciences
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Stimulation seeking and intelligence: A prospective longitudinal study.
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Children's interpersonal behaviors and the teacher-child relationship.
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The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research.
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Subjective well-being is heritable and genetically correlated with dominance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
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Infancy to early childhood: genetic and environmental influences on developmental change
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Evidence for a genetic etiology of early-onset delinquency.
Taylor, J. E., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.634 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Emergence and Construct Validation of the Big Five Factors in Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Analysis of Their Ontogeny in Sweden
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Head‐to‐head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions
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The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood.
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Personality Trait Development in Adulthood
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Personality and development in childhood: a person-centered approach.
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The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment.
Graziano, W. G., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Finch, J. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.392 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages.
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Personality and vocational interests: The relation of Holland's six interest dimensions to five robust dimensions of personality.
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Personality, health, and aging: prolegomenon for the next generation
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Socioeconomic Status and the Adjustment to School: The Role of Self-Regulation during Early Childhood
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Behavioral Individuality in Early Childhood
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The Relation of Candidate Personality With Selection-Interview Outcomes
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Emotional Development in Young Children (The Guilford Series on Social and Emotional Development)
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Conscientiousness, perceived risk, and risk-reduction behaviors: A preliminary study.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., Barckley, M., Lichtenstein, E., & Lee, M. E. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.5.496 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Beyond nature versus nurture: DF analysis of nonshared influences on problem behaviors.
Rodgers, J. L., Rowe, D., & Li, C. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.3.374 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Influences in Adolescent Peer Socialization: Evidence from Two Genetically Sensitive Designs
Iervolino, A. C., Pike, A., Manke, B., Reiss, D., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. J. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00398 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Contemporary Research on Parenting
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L. D., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003167570-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Personality Over Time: Methodological Approaches to the Study of Short‐Term and Long‐Term Development and Change
Biesanz, J. C., West, S. G., & Kwok, O. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Finding the Person in Personal Relationships
Reis, H. T., Capobianco, A., & Tsai, F. (2002) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05025 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Genetics and Experience
Plomin, R. J., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (1992) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep11510328 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Adolescent Aggression: Behavioral Genetic Evidence of Contextual Effects
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One measure, one meaning: Multiple measures, clearer meaning
Kagan, J., Snidman, N. C., McManis, M. H., WOODWARD, S., & Hardway, C. L. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402003048 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Continuity and change: Assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood.
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A Behavioral Genetic Study of the Overlap Between Personality and Parenting
Spinath, F. M., & O’Connor, T. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7105004 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The genetic epidemiology of parental discipline
Wade, T. D., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799003013 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
It Does Take a Village
Rose, R. J., Viken, R. J., Dick, D. M., et al. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.03434 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Infancy to Early Childhood
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Assessing Young Children's Views of Their Academic, Social, and Emotional Lives: An Evaluation of the Self-Perception Scales of the Berkeley Puppet Interview
Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Cowan, P. A., et al. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1132132 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Influence of Female and Male Risk on the Occurrence of Sexual Intercourse Within Adolescent Relationships
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Radon and cigarette smoking: Perceptions of this synergistic health risk.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., Lee, M. E., et al. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.19.3.247 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
I. Introduction
Hart, D. A., Atkins, R. C., & Fegley, S. G. (2003) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00232 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evidence for genetic influence on both cross-situation and situation-specific components of behavior.
Phillips, K., & Adam P., J. M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.1.129 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Linking Openness and Intellect in Childhood and Adulthood
Mervielde, I., Fruyt, F. D., & Jarmuz, S. (1998) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601223-10 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Molecular Genetics and the Human Personality.
Riley, B. P. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000081629.94203.29 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Personality Development: An Introduction Toward Process Approaches to Long‐Term Stability and Change in Persons
Graziano, W. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment.
Graziano, W. G., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Finch, J. F. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.2.392 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

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A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.
Poropat, A. E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014996 · Cited by 2,729 · see citing works
Personality and coping.
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 · Cited by 2,424 · see citing works
The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Self-citation
Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced?
Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Measurement Matters: Assessing Personal Qualities Other Than Cognitive Ability for Educational Purposes
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Authors: Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Colgate University (US)
ORCID: Caspi, Avshalom
Roberts, Brent W.
Shiner, Rebecca L.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2005-02-01
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 453-484
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913
OpenAlex: W2126244487
Cited by: 2,699
References: 198
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 119 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 160 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 156 · 2013: 158 · 2012: 152
FWCI: 10.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Francis Crick Institute
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
Keywords: personality development, personality stability, personality change, personality structure, child personality, longitudinal study, life course, interpersonal relationships, status attainment
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Child, Cognition, Environment, Genetics, Behavioral, Humans, Intelligence, Neurotic Disorders, Personality Development, Social Behavior, Parenting, Mood Disorders

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Personality Development: Stability and Change

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