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Meaning making and psychological adjustment following cancer: The mediating roles of growth, life meaning, and restored just-world beliefs.
Abstract
Cancer survivors' efforts at meaning making may influence the extent to which they successfully make meaning from their experience (i.e., experience posttraumatic growth, find life meaningful, and restore beliefs in a just world), which may, in turn, influence their psychological adjustment. Previous research regarding both meaning making processes and meanings made as determinants of adjustment has shown inconsistent effects, partly because of the lack of clearly articulated theoretical frameworks and problematic research strategies. In a 1-year longitudinal study, the authors distinguished the meaning making process from the outcomes of that process (meanings made), employing specific measures of both. The authors tested pathways through which meaning making efforts led to 3 different meanings made (growth, life meaning, and restored just-world belief) in a sample of 172 young to middle-age adult cancer survivors, and they explored whether those meanings made mediated the effect of meaning making efforts on psychological adjustment. Cross-sectional and longitudinal path models of the meaning making process indicate that meaning making efforts are related to better adjustment through the successful creation of adaptive meanings made from the cancer experience. The authors conclude with clinical implications and suggestions for future research.
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“based on the broader ACT model, M-ACT specifies putative mechanisms of change including increasing active acceptance and reducing avoidance of internal experiences (i.e., difficult thoughts and emotions) and clarifying values and sources of meaning (e.g., [29–31])”
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“However, factors such as social support and meaning-making can be very supportive in adjustment to illness [5, 6].”
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“[20], these meaningmaking efforts may lead patients towards better adjustment when they achieve the creation of adaptive meanings as a result of the cancer experience (the sense of growth, increased life meaningfulness, and restored just-world belief).”
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“…sustains the positive relationship between the presence of meaning and eudaimonic well-being (Vehling et al., 2010), but associations between the search-for-meaning process and both the presence of meaning and eudaimonic well-being have been rarely examined (Park et al., 2008; Steger et al., 2008).”
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“Therefore we expanded our exploration of this realm by developing a series of questions based on the meaning making [35] and religion and spirituality in medical illness literatures [36-42].”
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“…the existence and analysed direction of the relationship between approach coping and BF was consistent with the proposition that successful adaptation requires first making sense of the event or using meaning-based coping, which, in turn, fosters the perception of benefits (Park et al., 2008).”
ResultInfluentialDisillusionment: a prototype analysis
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Kaftanski, W. T., & Hanson, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1079032 · Cited by 22
“Important work has been published on the positive role of meaning in coping with suffering (Davis et al., 1998; Park, 2008; Park et al., 2008).”
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High-level construal benefits, meaning making, and posttraumatic growth in cancer patients
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“The results validated recent findings that meaning making results in positive outcomes when accomplished in an adaptive and constructive fashion (Park et al., 2008; Boyraz et al., 2010; Park, 2010).”
ResultDistress and Resilience After Cancer in Veterans
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“Reports of stress-related growth following cancer are common; studies have reported from 60% to 90% of cancer patients report experiencing at least some positive life changes as a result of their cancer ( Cordova, Cunningham, Carlson, & Andrykowski, 2001 ; Park, Edmondson, Fenster, & Blank, 2008 ; Stanton et al, 2000…”
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“Additionally, prompted by questions about challenge and struggle, participants assigned meaning to their situations, an activity which has been shown to be of benefit in earlier research.(39) The discussion of struggle also provided an opportunity for participants to recall SC during past adversity and discuss its rol…”
BackgroundExistential Meaning-Making Coping in Iran: A Qualitative Study among Patients with Cancer
Ahmadi, F., Khodayarifard, M., Rabbani, M., Zandi, S., & Sabzevari, M. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11020080 · Cited by 21
“When encountering stress, people may also resort to emotion-focused coping, which is targeted at temporarily alleviating distress by disengaging behaviorally or mentally (Dunkel-Schetter et al. 1992; Gibbons and Groarke 2018; Park et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMeaning‐centered group psychotherapy in cancer survivors: a feasibility study
van der Spek, N., van Uden‐Kraan, C. F., Vos, J., BREITBART, W. S., Tollenaar, R. A. �. �., van Asperen, C. J., Cuijpers, P. J., & Leeuw, I. M. V. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3497 · Cited by 21
“Meaning-focused coping seems to be at the core of adequate adjustment to cancer; cancer patients who experience their life as meaningful are better adjusted, have better quality of life, and psychological functioning [2,3].”
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“Park et al. (2008) reported that survivors who had immediate rumination after the event would have higher Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores.”
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“This model has been employed in different stressful and traumatic contexts such as bereavement (Park, 2005), coping with cancer (Park et al., 2008), and coping with war-related trauma (Larner & Blow, 2011).”
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“One of the global meaning-related factors that has beneficial effects in cancer patients is meaning in life (Park et al., 2008).”
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Freda, M. F., Lemmo, D., Auriemma, E., Picione, R. D. L., & Martino, M. L. (2022) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-06-2022-0081 · Cited by 18
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“These findings are encouraging given that perceptions of control are associated with positive wellbeing (Liu et al., 2018) and the discovery of meaning has facilitated psychological adjustment in patients (Park et al., 2008).”
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“Many studies were conducted retrospectively long after the stressor has passed and nearly all assessed one or at most two time points (Boehmer et al. 2007; Park 2008; Park et al. 2008), thus failing to capture the dynamic period during which people are adjusting to and making sense of their stressor.”
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“Other studies of cancer survivors find that efforts to derive meaning from their experiences are associated with declines in depressive symptoms and cancer-related distress, and increases in self reports of physical and psychological vitality [ 20 , 21].”
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“Meaning making is the process of understanding a stressor and resolving discrepancies between that understanding and global beliefs (Park, Edmondson, Fenster, & Blank, 2008 ).”
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Suicidal Ideation among Veterans Living with Cancer Referred to Mental Health
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““Global meaning” is defined as a general set of beliefs and a value system that informs the individual about the world, one’s self, and one’s goals (Park, 2010; Park & Folkman, 1997; Park et al., 2008).”
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“Among other areas, scholars have established the relevance of meaning‐making processes to bereavement (Holland et al., 2006), cancer survival (Park et al., 2008), natural disasters (Dursun et al., 2016), and collective trauma (e.g., the 9/11 terrorist attacks; Park et al., 2012; Updegraff et al.,…”
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“Meaning-making is a core ability for recovering from stress and anxiety when people face high-stress events (such as cancer) (Park et al. 2008), and social support can improve mental health by alleviating anxiety symptoms(Reinelt et al. 2014).”
Positive Psychology Perspectives Across the Cancer Continuum: Meaning, Spirituality, and Growth
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Self-citationPsycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy: Psychological Intervention for Women With Breast Cancer
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“Theory and research on adjustment to trauma suggest that basic global assumptions about one's self and the world are violated, such as beliefs that the world is a meaningful, comprehensible, and just place (Park, Edmondson, Fenster, & Blank, 2008 ).”
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“Additionally, there is suggestion in the literature that meaning-making is related to better adjustment in young to middle aged adult cancer survivors (Park et al. 2008), and in adults with other chronic conditions (Pakenham 2008).”
BackgroundLoss and grief: the role of individual differences
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“Their distinction between benefit reminding and benefit finding is consistent with that made by Park et al. (2008) between meaning-making coping efforts, which include strategies such as positive reframing and reappraisal coping, and the outcomes of this process, including benefit finding.”
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“…with religiosity and subjective and psychological well-being, as well as the mediating role of meaning in this relationship (36–38 Certainly, the presence or search for meaning in life may be an important factor in coping with illness and improving well-being, as evidenced by research (49, 50).”
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“Family Making Meaning Parents were asked “How much has your family been trying to find meaning from the COVID-19 pandemic?” on a five-point scale rated 1 (None at all) to 5 (A great deal; Park et al., 2008).”
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“For example, among cancer survivors, reports that having cancer violated their belief in a just world were unrelated to meaning making.(37)”
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“, 2006), or beliefs in a just world (Park et al., 2008).”
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Ghazal, L. V., Cole, S. W., Salsman, J. M., Wagner, L. I., Duan, F., Gareen, I. F., Lux, L., Parsons, S. K., Cheung, C. K., Loeb, D. M., et al. (2022) · JCO Precision Oncology · doi:10.1200/po.21.00462 · Cited by 11
Zhang, D., Fan, M., Meng, L., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010767 · Cited by 12
“1998), and the sense of control is very important for life happiness and health (Masters and Wallston, 2005; Park et al., 2008; Bárez et al., 2009).”
BackgroundYeung, N. C. Y., Tang, J. L. T., Lau, S. T. Y., Hui, K. H., Cheung, A. W.-L., & Wong, E. L. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2183454 · Cited by 10
“Individuals who use more positive reframing tend to see meanings in adversity (Park et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRoutledge, C. D., Roylance, C., & Abeyta, A. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41397-6_17 · Cited by 10
Sporer, K., Speropolous, L., & Monahan, K. E. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19860170 · Cited by 14
An existential support program for people with cancer: Development and qualitative evaluation.
Hvidt, E. A., Hvidt, N., Graven, V., la Cour, K., Rottmann, N., Thomsen, K., Linqvist, O., Rasmussen, A., Skaarup, H., & Roessler, K. (2020) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101768 · Cited by 10
Resilience trajectories of cancer survivors: a meaning-making perspective
Park, C. L., Dibble, K. E., Sinnott, S. M., Sanft, T. B., & Bellizzi, K. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818849-1.00008-4 · Cited by 10
Self-citationLi, W., Miao, M., Gan, Y., Zhang, Z. J., & Cheng, G. (2015) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12298 · Cited by 10
“However, if meaning discrepancy exists, psychological distress will be induced, resulting in meaning making among these individuals, in particular, cancer patients (Tomich & Helgeson 2004; Park et al. 2008).”
BackgroundYoung, J. K., Lloyd, A., & Haraldsdóttir, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2023.1298553 · Cited by 9
Visser, A., Post, L., Dekker, J., van Zuylen, L., & Konings, I. R. H. M. (2024) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2024.2409860 · Cited by 9
“14 This has been studied in long-term cancer survivors, 6,15 however to the best of our knowledge, the meaning-making process has not yet been studied specifically in the re-entry phase.”
Trajectories of Current and Predicted Satisfaction With One’s Life Following a Cancer Diagnosis
Ellis, E. M., Nelson, W. L., & Ferrer, R. A. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay025 · Cited by 9
Yi, J., Kim, M. A., & Akter, J. (2019) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2019.1606164 · Cited by 9
“This is consistent with previous findings that the cancer experience makes survivors thankful for life and that they learn to engage in positive affirmations to help find life to be meaningful (Park et al. 2008) as well as to attain self-reinforcing courage, appraise”
BackgroundResultHealth Promotion Among Cancer Patients: Innovative Interventions
López, V., & Klainin‐Yobas, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_17 · Cited by 9
Young adult women’s meaning-making of living with type 1 diabetes: towards growth and optimism
Kruger, S., Deacon, E., van Rensburg, E., & Segal, D. G. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1977303 · Cited by 15
“Healthcare professionals could take a preventative and proactive approach and offer courses or support groups on the psychological impact of diabetes and the meaning-making process in order to meet the psychological needs of people with diabetes, resulting in better adjustment (Park et al., 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., Fenster, J. R., & Blank, T. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 863-875
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2075953856
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lance Armstrong Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
- Keywords
- meaning-making, cancer survivors, psychological adjustment, posttraumatic growth, meaning of life, belief in a just world, mediation, cancer experience
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Culture, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sick Role, Survival, Self Efficacy
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