Cited by 656Attachment and Relationship DynamicsFamily Dynamics and RelationshipsWork-Family Balance Challenges

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The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study.

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Doss, Brian D., Rhoades, Galena K., Stanley, Scott M., Markman, Howard J.·2009·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0013969PMC PMC2702669

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Abstract

This longitudinal study examined the effect of the birth of the 1st child on relationship functioning using data from 218 couples (436 individuals) over the course of the first 8 years of marriage. Compared with prebirth levels and trajectories, parents showed sudden deterioration following birth on observed and self-reported measures of positive and negative aspects of relationship functioning. The deterioration in these variables was small to medium in size and tended to persist throughout the remaining years of the study. Mothers and fathers showed similar amounts of change after birth. The amount of postbirth deterioration in relationship functioning varied systematically by several characteristics of the individual, the marriage, and the pregnancy itself. In a group of couples who did not have children, results indicated more gradual deterioration in relationship functioning during the first 8 years of marriage without the sudden changes seen in parents, suggesting that the results seen in the parent sample may be due to birth.

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Background
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Motherhood and DREADD manipulation of the nucleus accumbens weaken established pair bonds in female prairie voles
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Transactional Associations Between Couple Relationship Intimacy and Depressive Symptoms Across 10 Years
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“15,19,20 Similarly, feelings of separation and exclusion from the mother-infant bond contribute to high rates of postpartum depression in new fathers, 21 – 23 suggesting a change in the pair bond is experienced by both partners after offspring birth.”
Background
The correlation between marital satisfaction and childbearing characteristics in women in Tehran
Ghahremani, F., Doulabi, M. A., & Eslami, M. (2019) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2019-0018 · Cited by 9
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Özcan, Ş. (2022) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2022.2038760 · Cited by 9
“%) stated that they were not satisfied with their romantic relationship with their partners after birth (Doss et al., 2009; Graham et al., 2011; Keizer & Schenk, 2012).”
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“As previously stated, research has consistently shown that the transition to parenthood results in a lower level of satisfaction and functioning in adult romantic relationships (e.g., Belsky et al., 1983; Doss et al., 2009).”
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“deterioration in the relationship functioning between spouses which could potentially result into disagreements on critical decisions in the household (Ivanova & Balbo, 2019; Gabb et al.,2013; Doss et al., 2009).”
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“As a result, the ﬁnal sample for our analyses consists of 898 cases.”
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Kanter, J. B., & Proulx, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19885995 · Cited by 9
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Marital Quality Trajectory among Iranian Married Individuals: A Collectivist Perspective.
Ahmadi, K., & Saadat, S. H. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 8
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“Simultaneously, new parents suffer from fatigue and sleep deprivation (Parsons et al. 2023), experiencing a decrease in overall relationship quality (Doss et al. 2009; Mitnick, Heyman, and Smith Slep 2009; Trillingsgaard, Baucom, and Heyman 2014) and adopting new roles as mothers and fathers…”
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More than I expected: a qualitative exploration of participants’ experience of an online adoptive parent-toddler group
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“Participant 2’s experience also supports Crasnow et al.’s (2020) original hypothesis that the adoptive PTG would be a particularly helpful intervention for new parents, supporting the often difficult transition to adoptive parenthood (Crasnow et al., 2020; Doss et al., 2009; Simpson et al., 2003).”
Background
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Background
Causes of Divorce from the Perspective of Females in Slovenia
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Relationship quality from pre- to postplacement in adoptive couples.
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“Children are a strain on relationship quality (Doss et al., 2009), and adding an adopted child to a home with children already present may increase the stress.”
Influential
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Conjoint trajectories of couples’ marital and parental conflictual behaviors and later-life mental, physical, and relational health
Lee, S., Wickrama, K. A. S., Lee, T. K., & Klopack, E. T. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211070557 · Cited by 6
“Previous meta-analytic studies support a “spillover” process, whereby the emotion, affect, and mood created by marital interactions transfers to parent–child relationships and vice versa (Anderson et al., 2010; Doss et al., 2009; Erel & Burman, 1995; Krishnakumar & Buehler, 2000).”
Background
Couple’s Relationship during the Transition to Parenthood and Toddler’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Pinto, T. M., Míguez, M. C., & Figueiredo, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010882 · Cited by 6
“Failure of parents to meet the prenatal expectations of marital conflict and cooperation might explain this impact [37].”
Background
Exploring relationship satisfaction in mothers of children with disabilities: the predictive role of interparental conflicts and moderating role of dyadic coping
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“These results indicate that older mothers in our study were less satisfied with their relationship, as often happens when partners enter middle age and use resources to cope with the challenges of everyday life related to careers and childcare (47).”
Result
Rejection in romantic relationships: Does rejection sensitivity modulate emotional responses to perceptions of negative interactions?
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“Part-ners may be more focused on their future child, and be more willing to override negative relational sentiments through experiences of togetherness and cooperation [58–60].”
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Effect of recreational sport and physical activity participation on well-being during early parenthood: a randomized controlled trial
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Emotion differentiation during the transition to parenthood—Concurrent and prospective positive effects
Lazarus, G., Pshedetzky‐Shochat, R., Zahavi, T., Gleason, M. E. J., & Rafaeli, E. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211043291 · Cited by 8
“…exacerbate or moderate this decline (for review see Nelson et al., 2014) including infant characteristics (e.g., Feeney et al., 2001), socio-economic aspects (e.g., Cox et al., 1999), relational factors (e.g., Doss et al., 2009), and parental personality traits (e.g., Trillingsgaard et al., 2014).”
Background
Anxiety and depressive symptoms, and positive and negative couple interactions among postpartum mothers and fathers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pinto, T. M., & Figueiredo, B. (2022) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000765 · Cited by 7
Skin to skin interactions. Does the infant massage improve the couple functioning?
Gnazzo, A., Guerriero, V., Folco, S. D., Zavattini, G. C., & de Campora, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01468 · Cited by 8
“Keywords: infant massage, couple adjustment, childbirth, parental stress, depressive symptoms Introduction Infant massage (IM) is a traditional care practice particularly widespread in Africa and South Asia (Field, 2000), and over the past decades also in Western countries (Underdown et al., 2013).”
Background
Longitudinal Course of Risk for Parental Postadoption Depression
Foli, K. J., South, S. C., Lim, E., & Hebdon, M. (2016) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2015.12.011 · Cited by 7
Positively Impacting Maternal Stress and Parental Adjustment through Community-Based Relationship Education (RE)
Daire, A. P., Liu, X., Tucker, K., Williams, B., Broyles, A., & Wheeler, N. J. (2018) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2018.1458687 · Cited by 6
“Doss et al. (2009) examined the longitudinal pattern for couple’s relationship functioning as measured by satisfaction, confidence, and dedication, as well as conflict management, negative communication, and problem intensity.”
Background
Children’s emotional and behavioral reactions to interparental aggression: The role of exposure to within-incident, cross-dyad aggression spillover.
Marshall, A. D., Feinberg, M. E., & Daly, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000525 · Cited by 6
“Although this represents a relatively high-stress family developmental period during which aggression is especially likely to occur (Doss et al., 2009; Slep & O’Leary, 2005; Straus & Stewart, 1999), this is otherwise a relatively low-risk sample.”
Background
Maternal behavioral health symptom profiles in early family life: complexity and context
Weiss‐Laxer, N. S., Johnson, S. B., Ghazarian, S. R., Osborne, L. M., & Riley, A. W. (2019) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-019-00987-z · Cited by 7
Promoting sport participation during early parenthood: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Grant, S. J., Beauchamp, M. R., Blanchard, C. M., Carson, V., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4158-x · Cited by 7
Basic Principles of Health-Related Quality of Life in Parents and Caregivers of Pediatric Surgical Patients with Rare Congenital Malformations—A Scoping Review
Witt, S., Blömeke, J., Bullinger, M., Dingemann, J., & Quitmann, J. H. (2020) · European Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1710029 · Cited by 6
Conditional regard, stress, and dyadic adjustment in primiparous couples: A dyadic analysis perspective
Cournoyer, A., Laurin, J. C., Daspe, M., Laniel, S., & Huppé, A.-S. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407521993561 · Cited by 6
“Typically, they experience more stress (Cowan & Cowan, 2012; Doss & Rhoades, 2017; Levy-Shiff, 1999), they have more difficulty communicating (Doss et al., 2009), and their pre-existing relationship issues are amplified (Belsky & Rovine, 1990; Doss et al., 2009).”
Influential
Parental Stress and Coping Inventory
Daire, A. P., Gonzalez, J. E., & O’Hare, V. N. (2017) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2017.1321913 · Cited by 6
(Mis‐)Coordinating identities in the transition to parenthood: Investigating the co‐development of partners’ parenting, domestic and provider identities before and after the birth of the first child
Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., & Spini, D. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2591 · Cited by 6
Macht, Arbeitsteilung, Konflikt, Konfliktstile und Gewalt in Partnerschaften
Rüssmann, K., Kopp, J. F., & Hill, P. B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02276-1_17 · Cited by 6
A Model for Supporting At-Risk Couples during the Transition to Parenthood
Jones, A., Charles, P., & Benson, K. (2013) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.4319 · Cited by 6
Mental Health and Marital Satisfaction Changes of Pregnant and Lactating Women During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Gharagozloo, M., Sadatmahalleh, S. J., Khomami, M. B., Moini, A., & Kazemnejad, A. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-49590/v1 · Cited by 6
“Pregnancy and childbearing has a major impact on the relationships and subsequently on marital satisfaction (8, 9).”
Background
Stability and change in maternal wellbeing and illbeing from pregnancy to three years postpartum
Mayerhofer, L., Nes, R. B., Yu, B., Ayorech, Z., Lan, X., Ystrøm, E., & Røysamb, E. (2024) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-024-03730-z · Cited by 5
“Still, a steeper decline tends to follow the birth of a child [10].”
Background
Baby Triple P: A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy in First-Time Parent Couples
McPherson, K. E., Wiseman, K., Jasilek, A., McAloney‐Kocaman, K., Morawska, A., & Haig, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02345-7 · Cited by 5
“…relationship functioning following the birth of a first baby show that in many cases relationship satisfaction begins to decline, communication becomes more problematic (Doss et al., 2009) and couple activities become child-focused and instrumental (MacDermid et al., 1990; Petch & Halford, 2008).”
Background
Evaluating Academic and Work-Related Factors in Working Community College Students With and Without Children
Brauer, M. C., & Foust, M. S. (2020) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.3.291 · Cited by 5
Romance and the ozone layer: panel evidence on green behavior in couples
León, A. K., & Schobin, J. (2022) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-021-02185-2 · Cited by 4
“…theory of attachment, differences in behavior should remain rather stable or increase very slowly in couples that own homes, mirroring the typical slow long-termdecline in relationship quality that is observed inmarriages after family formation (Adamsons 2013; Doss et al. 2009; Kluwer 2010).”
Background
Parents’ perspectives on preparing for parenthood: a qualitative study on Greenland’s universal parenting programme MANU 0–1 year
Ingemann, C., Jensen, E., Olesen, I., Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T., Kvernmo, S. E., & Larsen, C. V. L. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05170-4 · Cited by 6
Childhood Trauma and Relationship Satisfaction Among Parents: A Dyadic Perspective on the Role of Mindfulness and Experiential Avoidance
Harvey, F. M., Paradis, A., Daspe, M., Dion, J., & Godbout, N. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02262-w · Cited by 12
“%) of parental couples report a steady decrease in relationship satisfaction following the birth of a child (Doss et al., 2009; Kamp Dush, 2011).”
The role of mutually responsive orientation in promoting relationship satisfaction for first-time and experienced parents: An investigation from pregnancy to toddlerhood
Ramsdell, E., Calkins, F. C., & Brock, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241243030 · Cited by 5
“…maintain stable levels of relationship satisfaction and adjustment, and others experience improvement, high-lighting parents ’ capacity to adapt to new or modi ﬁ ed parenting roles and challenges associated with the transition (Doss et al., 2009; ter Kuile et al., 2021; Volling et al., 2015).”
Effects of Expected and Perceived Division of Childcare and Household Labor on Mother’s Relationship Satisfaction during Their Transition to Parenthood
Roy, R. N., Walker, A., Al-Jayyousi, G. F., & Dayne, N. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.713145 · Cited by 5
EARLY PARENTING SUPPORT AND INFORMATION: A CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE
Morawska, A., Weston, K., & Bowd, C. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21688 · Cited by 5
Attachment, Conflict Resolution, and Sexual Satisfaction in Adoptive Couples
Rouleau, E., Farero, A. M., & Timm, T. M. (2018) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2018.1513107 · Cited by 5
What happens to the couple relationship when sharing parental leave? A prospective, longitudinal study
Lidbeck, M., & Bernhardsson, S. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12682 · Cited by 5
Intimate partner aggression during the early parenting years: The role of dissatisfaction with division of labor and childcare.
Wong, J. D., Marshall, A. D., & Feinberg, M. E. (2020) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000156 · Cited by 5
“It may be that the stress that occurs during the transition to parenthood (Cowan & Cowan, 2000; Doss et al., 2009) spills over into conflicts about a variety of topics such that they readily intensify, leading to dysregulated aggressive behavior.”
Background
Empty Nest Status, Marital Closeness, and Perceived Health: Testing Couples’ Direct and Moderated Associations with an Actor–Partner Interdependence Model
Tracy, E. L., Putney, J. M., & Papp, L. M. (2021) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807211027287 · Cited by 5
“Research to date has focused on the early years of marriage, revealing typical declines in quality across the newlywed period (Kurdek, 1998) and increases in strain and conflict following the birth of the first child (Doss et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Trajectories of relationship quality and conflict in low‐income parents receiving home visitation services
Renegar, R. G., Stolz, H. E., Baumgardner, M., Reimnitz, S. J., & McCaig, J. L. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12734 · Cited by 5
“It becomes your whole life”—Exploring experiences of reciprocal translocation carriers and their partners
Ochoa, M. C., Flowers, N. J., Pertile, M. D., & Archibald, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1716 · Cited by 5
Dyadic approach to maturity to parenthood: multilevel study on attachment in expectant and non-expectant couples
Łada‐Maśko, A., & Kaźmierczak, M. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2230592 · Cited by 6
Assessing Families (Not Just Individuals) for Missionary Service
Gingrich, F. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711604400407 · Cited by 5
Regretful Liaisons: Exploring the Role of Partner Regret in the Association Between Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction
Cunningham, K., German, N. M., & Mattson, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2014.915901 · Cited by 5
Dress for Success: How Cosplay Plays a Role in Relationship DynamicsPreprint
Leshner, C. E., & de la Garza, S. A. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/agn5d · Cited by 5
Retirement is Associated with Change in Self-EsteemPreprint
Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/3j8ab · Cited by 6

Authors: Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
University of Denver (US)
ORCID: Doss, Brian D.
Rhoades, Galena K.
Stanley, Scott M.
Markman, Howard J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 96
Issue: 3
Pages: 601-619
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/a0013969
PMC: PMC2702669
OpenAlex: W2098223435
Cited by: 656
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 36.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (5-R01-MH35525-12, R01MH035525)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053314, R03HD051695, R01HD047564)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
Keywords: transition to parenthood, relationship quality, marital functioning, couples, pregnancy characteristics, parents
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Communication, Conflict, Psychological, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Marriage, Parents, Personal Satisfaction, Prospective Studies, Self Disclosure, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Stress, Psychological

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The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study.

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