Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.
Abstract
The present study took a critical look at a central construct in couples research: relationship satisfaction. Eight well-validated self-report measures of relationship satisfaction, including the Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; H. J. Locke & K. M. Wallace, 1959), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976), and an additional 75 potential satisfaction items, were given to 5,315 online participants. Using item response theory, the authors demonstrated that the MAT and DAS provided relatively poor levels of precision in assessing satisfaction, particularly given the length of those scales. Principal-components analysis and item response theory applied to the larger item pool were used to develop the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) scales. Compared with the MAS and the DAS, the CSI scales were shown to have higher precision of measurement (less noise) and correspondingly greater power for detecting differences in levels of satisfaction. The CSI scales demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of satisfaction and excellent construct validity with anchor scales from the nomological net surrounding satisfaction, suggesting that they assess the same theoretical construct as do prior scales. Implications for research are discussed.
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The CSI-32 has excellent construct validity and convergent validity with other measures of relationship satisfaction.
“The CSI-32 was found to have excellent construct validity and convergent validity with other measures of relationship satisfaction (Funk and Rogge, 2007).”
From Partner symptom accommodation in generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary examination of correlates with symptoms and cognitive behavioural therapy outcome (2024) · cites this paper as Funk and Rogge, 2007
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“Marital quality Administered at the first full-day visit, the 32-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) assessed marital satisfaction (Funk and Rogge, 2007).”
InfluentialVannier, S. A., & Rosen, N. O. (2017) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.239 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bruner, M. R., Kuryluk, A. D., & Whitton, S. W. (2015) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.975717 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The CSI-16 has demonstrated good reliability and validity with college age dating relationships.(35) In this sample, internal consistency was excellent (a D .”
BackgroundCorsini-Munt, S., Bergeron, S., Rosen, N. O., Mayrand, M.-H., & Delisle, I. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12646 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of couple therapy: Effects across outcomes, designs, timeframes, and other moderators.
Roddy, M. K., Walsh, L. M., Rothman, K., Hatch, S., & Doss, B. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000514 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Ekas, N., Timmons, L., Pruitt, M., Ghilain, C. S., & Alessandri, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2362-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“In order to assess the individual’s perceptions of their romantic relationship, participants completed the couples satisfaction index (CSI; Funk and Rogge 2007).”
MethodCan I tell you how I feel? Perceived partner responsiveness encourages emotional expression.
Ruan, Y., Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., Hirsch, J. L., & Bink, B. D. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000650 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“The dataset included 2,110 valid observations (88.7% of the possible reports). Using the VARCOMP procedure in SPSS (Version 25), within-person effects were estimated to account for the following variance percentages in emotion expression: joy (62.8%), excitement (71.0%), contentment (63.1%), pride (69.4%), gratitude (…”
MethodInfluentialSchlagintweit, H. E., Bailey, K. M., & Rosen, N. (2016) · Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.08.006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Understanding Social Factors in the Context of Trauma: Implications for Measurement and Intervention
Wagner, A., Monson, C., & Hart, T. L. (2016) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1152341 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“To address the dearth of validated assessment tools to assess positive and negative social factors, using a tool such as the Dyadic Adjustment Scale or the Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) when studies include intimate partners could offer dimensionality to the understanding of social factors in trauma…”
MethodThe Role of Locus of Control in Daily Life
Ryon, H., & Gleason, M. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213507087 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., & Sturge‐Apple, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000413 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationBraithwaite, S. R., & Fincham, F. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Galovan, A. M., Drouin, M., & McDaniel, B. T. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ryan, A. M., Kutob, R. M., Suther, E., Hansen, M., & Sandel, M. T. (2012) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0179 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Visschers, J., Jaspaert, E., & Vervaeke, G. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515588922 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The short four-item version of the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI(4); Funk & Rogge, 2007) was used to assess relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundMethodThe development of a reliable change index and cutoff for the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
Anderson, S. R., Tambling, R., Huff, S. C., Heafner, J., Johnson, L., & Ketring, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12095 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cognitive emotion regulation and positive dyadic outcomes in married couples
Rusu, P., Bodenmann, G., & Kayser, K. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517751664 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Studies reported good internal consistency for CSI4, with Cronbach’s a coefficient of .94 (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodEnhancing relationship quality measurement: The development of the Relationship Flourishing Scale.
Fowers, B. J., Laurenceau, J., Penfield, R. D., Cohen, L. M., Lang, S. F., Owenz, M. B., & Pasipanodya, E. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000263 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“First, Funk and Rogge (2007) developed a global, one-dimensional couple satisfaction inventory (CSI) with factor analyses and item response theory (IRT) analyses.”
MethodTransactional relations between marital functioning and depressive symptoms.
Kouros, C. D., & Cummings, E. M. (2011) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01080.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Based on item-response theory, Funk and Rogge (2007) found that the first item of the MAT provides a high amount of information for assessing relationship satisfaction.”
MethodKhaddouma, A. M., Gordon, K. C., & Bolden, J. (2014) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.992408 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The CSI has shown high measurement precision and strong convergent validity with other measures of relationship satisfaction in previous samples (Funk & Rogge, 2007) and is considered a superior measure of relationship satisfaction beyond previous measures, particularly in unmarried romantic…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKimmes, J. G., Jaurequi, M. E., May, R. W., Srivastava, S., & Fincham, F. D. (2018) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12296 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Marriage After Brain Injury: Review, Analysis, and Research Recommendations
Godwin, E. E., Kreutzer, J., Arango-Lasprilla, J., & Lehan, T. J. (2011) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e3182048f54 · Cited by 73
Rus, H., & Tiemensma, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“NA -Dyadic FB profile photo and FB status -Disagreement over FB relationship status - Conflict Subscale of Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979) - CSI (Funk & Rogge, 2007) Males’ display of partnered status and females’ inclusion of partner in profile photo linked to greater relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundInfluentialMcNulty, J., Meltzer, A. L., Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101402118 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In Studies 7 and 8, marital satisfaction was assessed with the 16-item Couples Satisfaction Index [CSI (69)].”
MethodRothman, K., Salivar, E. G., Roddy, M. K., Hatch, S. G., & Doss, B. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519870158 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Participants currently in a romantic relationship rated their relationship satisfaction using the four-item Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-4; Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGay fathers by surrogacy: Prejudice, parenting, and well-being of female and male children.
Green, R., Rubio, R. J., Rothblum, E., Bergman, K., & Katuzny, K. E. (2019) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000325 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Brief Form (Funk & Rogge, 2007) is a four-item scale measuring general relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Sources of Spirituality Scale.
Davis, D. E., Rice, K. G., Hook, J. N., Tongeren, D. R. V., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E. J. Y., & Worthington, E. L. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000082 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“To help eliminate redundancy in items, we also dropped items that were moderately related to each other after controlling for the total score on the latent construct (Funk & Rogge, 2007).”
BackgroundKhaddouma, A., Coop Gordon, K., & Strand, E. B. (2017) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12226 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- ORCID
- Rogge, Ronald D.
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 572-583
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- OpenAlex
- W2116307289
- Cited by
- 1,806
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 186 · 2021: 181 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 19.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Rochester
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- relationship satisfaction, measurement precision, scale development, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, item response theory, convergent validity, construct validity, nomological network, couples
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychological Theory, Internet, Principal Component Analysis
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