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Social class, sense of control, and social explanation.
Abstract
Lower social class is associated with diminished resources and perceived subordinate rank. On the basis of this analysis, the authors predicted that social class would be closely associated with a reduced sense of personal control and that this association would explain why lower class individuals favor contextual over dispositional explanations of social events. Across 4 studies, lower social class individuals, as measured by subjective socioeconomic status (SES), endorsed contextual explanations of economic trends, broad social outcomes, and emotion. Across studies, the sense of control mediated the relation between subjective SES and contextual explanations, and this association was independent of objective SES, ethnicity, political ideology, and self-serving biases. Finally, experimentally inducing a higher sense of control attenuated the tendency for lower subjective SES individuals to make more contextual explanations (Study 4). Implications for future research on social class as well as theoretical distinctions between objective SES and subjective SES are discussed.
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“whereas upper‐class individuals were more disengaged non‐verbally, lower‐class individuals exhibited more socially engaged eye contact, head nods, and laughter”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“In a series of four studies, Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009) found that, by comparison with their higher subjective social class counterparts, lower subjective social class individuals (1) reported lower perceived control”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“when naïve observers were shown 60‐s excerpts of these interactions, they used these disengaged versus engaged non‐verbal behavioural styles to make judgements of the educational and income backgrounds of the people they had seen with above‐chance accuracy”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus and Keltner (2009)
In the citing paper
“there was a significant indirect effect of subjective social class on the tendency to see phenomena as caused by external factors, via perceived control”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009)
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Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.
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Self-citationHaving less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.
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Self-citationThe psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
Manstead, A. S. R. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12251 · Cited by 831
“In a series of four studies, Kraus, Piff, and Keltner (2009) found that, by comparisonwith their higher subjective social class counterparts, lower subjective social class individuals (1) reported lower perceived control and (2) weremore likely to explain various phenomena, ranging from income…”
BackgroundCulture, Mind, and the Brain: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Kitayama, S., & Üskül, A. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145357 · Cited by 751
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 992-1004
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2106125319
- Cited by
- 956
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 60.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- social class, subjective socioeconomic status, sense of personal control, contextual explanations, social explanation, economic trends, emotions, self-serving bias, political ideology
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Emotions, Ethnicity, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Judgment, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Social Class, Social Environment, Social Perception, Students
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