The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s effect on depressive symptoms.
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this review was to evaluate whether the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP), a group cognitive-behavioral intervention, is effective in targeting depressive symptoms in youths. We identified 17 controlled evaluations of PRP (N = 2,498) in which depressive symptoms had been measured via an online search of PsycINFO, Medline, ERIC, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and by requesting data from PRP researchers. We combined effect sizes (ESs; Glass's d), using random effects models at postintervention and two follow-up assessments (6-8 and 12 months postintervention). PRP participants reported fewer depressive symptoms at postintervention and both follow-up assessments compared with youths receiving no intervention, with ESs ranging from 0.11 to 0.21. Subgroup analyses showed that PRP's effects were significant at 1 or more follow-up assessments among studies with both targeted and universal approaches, when group leaders were research team members and community providers, among participants with both low and elevated baseline symptoms, and among boys and girls. Limited data showed no evidence that PRP is superior to active control conditions. Preliminary analyses suggested that PRP's effects on depressive disorders may be smaller than those reported in a larger meta-analysis of depression prevention programs for older adolescents and adults. We found evidence that PRP significantly reduces depressive symptoms through at least 1-year postintervention. Future PRP research should examine whether PRP's effects on depressive symptoms lead to clinically meaningful benefits for its participants, whether the program is cost-effective, whether CB skills mediate program effects, and whether PRP is effective when delivered under real-world conditions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of the school-based Penn Resiliency Program found that only trials delivered by highly trained research team providers produced significant gains [27].”
From Disseminating Self-Help: Positive Psychology Exercises in an Online Trial (2012) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Meta-analysis in social research
(1982) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(82)90011-8 · Cited by 3,896
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., LUCAS, C. P., DULCAN, M. K., & SCHWAB-STONE, M. E. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 · Cited by 3,505
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Gillham JE Reivich KJ Seligman MEP 2007 Prevention of depressive symptoms in children and parents Garber J Chair Preventing depression in youth: Moderators of outcome Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Philadelphia, PA
- Jaycox LH 1993 Prevention of depressive symptoms and behavioral problems in school children. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1994) Dissertation Abstracts International 54 6463
- Jaycox LH Reivich KJ Gillham JE Seligman MEP 1994 Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children Behaviour Research & Therapy 32 810 816 7993324
- MacKenzie M Kelly B Hunter SC 2008 The promotion of resilience and the prevention of depression: Impact of classroom environment Unpublished doctoral thesis University of Strathclyde Glasgow
- Miller JB 1999 The effects of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention on depressive symptoms in an incarcerated adolescent delinquent population. (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International 60 1863
- Tellier JE 1998 Anger and depression among incarcerated juvenile delinquents: A pilot intervention (Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International 59 4071
- Yu DL 1999 Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2000) Dissertation Abstracts International 60 6389
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 429
Intervenciones basadas en psicología positiva para adultos mayores: una revisión sistemática
Torres, N., & Rangel, A. L. G.-C. (2023) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v31i1.441 · Cited by 5
Universal depressive symptom screening in middle schools in Istanbul: An epidemiologic study
Silahlı, N. Y., Barış, H. E., Qutranji, L., Kale, B. Y., Günal, Ö., Ütük, B., Karavuş, M., Arman, A. R., & Boran, P. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.083 · Cited by 2
DadeMatthews, A. O., Pangelinan, M. M., Bowen, A. E., Simon, S. L., Chandrasekhar, J. L., & Kaar, J. L. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23422 · Cited by 4
Epstein, R., Godoy, S., Wang, N., & Newland, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30555-8 · Cited by 2
Resiliency and Well-Being: Trajectories of Change over Time
McLarnon, M. J. W. (2016) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 2
Resilience of refugees and asylum seekers in Canada
Barbo, G. (2023) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2022-0113 · Cited by 2
Karakasidou, E., Karampas, K., Papadimitriou, A., & Athanasiades, C. (2024) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8312-4.ch001 · Cited by 2
Positive Psychology and Children with Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
Olympia, D. E., Heathfield, L. T., Jenson, W. R., Majszak, H., Ramos-Matias, V., & Thacker, M. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398786.013.013.0029 · Cited by 2
Seo, J.-Y., Lee, D., Lee, D., Cha, B., Park, C., Kim, B., Lee, C.-S., Lee, S.-J., Ahn, I.-Y., & Choi, J.-W. (2017) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.5.603 · Cited by 2
Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Depression in Childhood and Adolescence
Kim, J. W., & Kim, J.-W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6580-4_22 · Cited by 2
Sinyor, M., Hawes, D. D., Rector, N. A., Cheung, A., Williams, M., Cheung, C., Goldstein, B. I., Fefergrad, M., LEVITT, A. J., & Schaffer, A. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
Javidi, Z., Prior, K. N., & Bond, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20210322-01 · Cited by 2
Como a Psicologia/Educação Positiva podem empoderar as escolas no contexto da pandemia?
Reppold, C. T. (2021) · Revista de Estudios e Investigación en Psicología y Educación · doi:10.17979/reipe.2021.8.2.8742 · Cited by 3
Positive Psychology in the Military
Annen, H. (2022) · Peter Lang eBooks · doi:10.3726/b20427 · Cited by 2
Hernández, J. M., & León, A. G. (2015) · Summa Psicológica · doi:10.18774/448x.2015.12.253 · Cited by 2
Conway, B., Hammermeister, J., Briggs, L., Young, J. A., & Flynn, C. A. (2016) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2016.0040 · Cited by 2
권태연 (2015) · Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies · doi:10.16999/kasws.2015.46.3.35 · Cited by 2
Positive Psychology Programs for Youth in Diverse Communities
Gillham, J. E., Leventhal, K. S., Rashid, T., Anjum, A., & Leventhal, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20311-5_9 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe assessment of psychological resilience in sport performers
Sarkar, M. (2015) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 2
DeSimone, J. A., Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A. J., & Herian, M. N. (2017) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t65099-000 · Cited by 2
Resilience Education and Training
Cregan, K., Rowe, L., & Wall, T. (2019) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69627-0_25-1 · Cited by 3
The development of depression among youth
Handley, E. D., Russotti, J. M., Ross, A. J., Walck, D., & Toth, S. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00069-8 · Cited by 2
Resilience Education and Training
Cregan, K., Rowe, L., & Wall, T. (2019) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95681-7_25 · Cited by 2
Where to from Here? Priorities for Wellbeing Education, Pedagogy and COVID-19 Recovery
White, M. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5609-8_1 · Cited by 2
Tanabe, S., Miyazato, R., Hako, S., Matsumoto, M., Shigematsu, J., Kambara, K., Machino, A., Takebayashi, M., & Ogata, A. (2024) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.44.239 · Cited by 1
Wang, M., Tang, J., & Jian, M. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251348852 · Cited by 1
Nadifi, Y., Popa, I. A., Brochu, L., Girard, G., & Maziade, M. (2026) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251412627 · Cited by 1
Insights from positive education interventions with large effect sizes: A Systematic Review
Gaffaney, J., Cabrera, V., & Donaldson, S. I. (2026) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2026.2620586 · Cited by 1
Impact of understanding the true self on bolstering student resilience
Zhang, Y. L., Wang, M., & Yin, Z. (2026) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2026.2684415 · Cited by 1
Andishmand, Z., Babaei, K., Moghadampasha, A., Ali‐Abadi, T., Mofrad, S. A., Khaleghipour, M., & Bakaian, M. (2026) · Journal of Medical Education Development · doi:10.66224/edcj.19.2.49 · Cited by 1
Building Resilience Through Prevention
Huberty, T. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3110-7_13 · Cited by 1
Mental Robusthedstræning i Livgarden
Hertz, E. (2016) · Psyke & Logos · doi:10.7146/pl.v36i2.23407 · Cited by 1
Resilience: Dealing with Adversity and Setbacks
Deppa, K. F., & Saltzberg, J. A. (2016) · SpringerBriefs in fire · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-38779-6_4 · Cited by 1
Interdisciplinary Geriatric Mental Health Resilience Interventions
Cohén, D., & Krajewski, A. T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_18 · Cited by 1
Developmental Processes of Resilience and Risk for Aggression and Conduct Problems
Cutuli, J. J., Pereira, J. M. C., Vrabic, S. C., & Herbers, J. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316847992.020 · Cited by 1
Takahashi, T., Takebayashi, Y., Matsubara, K., Inaba, Y., Kawasaki, Y., & Sato, S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10326-9 · Cited by 1
Incorporating positive psychiatry with children and adolescents
Rettew, D. C. (2022) · Current Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/cp.0303 · Cited by 1
The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Positive Psychology Interventions in School Education
Jie, Z. (2023) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8837-9.ch013 · Cited by 1
Perceived Parenting, Self-Efficacy, and Resilience in Indian Youth
Gupta, P., Bhatia, S., & Verma, N. K. (2024) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/1203.117
Developing Social-Emotional Skills for the Labor Market
Guerra, N. G., Modecki, K. L., & Cunningham, W. (2014) · Cited by 1
Depression in children and adolescents: The role of school professionals
Hoerman, E. D. (2014) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) · Cited by 1
Social anxiety disorder in adolescence and implications for school settings
Hunda, A. L. (2015) · Lu Zone Ul (Laurentian University) · Cited by 1
Totty, K. W., & Soren, A. (2016) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.18621.56809 · Cited by 1
Hope, Optimism, Goals and Passion: Their Clinical Implications
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_5 · Cited by 1
Early Onset of Depression During Childhood and Adolescence
Shapero, B. G., & Mazzone, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97241-1_5 · Cited by 1
Positive Education: an Inspiration for Improving the Quality of Education
Janštová, E., & Slezáčková, A. (2018) · Lifelong Learning · doi:10.11118/lifele201808037 · Cited by 3
The demography effect on Tri Kaya Parisudha based cognitive behavioral counseling effectiveness
Suranata, K. (2020) · JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia) · doi:10.29210/02020378 · Cited by 1
Oppenheimer, M. F., Fialkov, C., Ecker, B., & Portnoy, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Character Education · doi:10.1108/jced-05-2015-0001 · Cited by 20
Stoll, R. D. (2015) · Cited by 1
E-mindful health: Evaluation of mobile apps for mindfulness
Mani, M. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.102651 · Cited by 2
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Depression: Resilience as a Moderator
Poole, J. C. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/24729 · Cited by 1
Chodkiewicz, A. R. (2018) · Figshare · Cited by 1
SOCIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO U.S. MILITARY SERVICE-MEMBER WELL-BEING
Cacace, S. C. (2018) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 1
Huang, C. Y., Nishioka, S. A., Hunt, E., Wong, S. H. M., & Huang, C. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12852-4_59-1 · Cited by 4
Pirkis, J., Whiteford, H., Jorm, T., Harris, M., Reavley, N. J., Siskind, D. J., Bassilios, B., Diminic, S., Robinson, J., Carstensen, G., et al. (2014)
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: From Surviving to Thriving
Cory, J. S. (2015) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Meðferð við þunglyndi barna og unglinga
Sævarsdóttir, E. E., & Halldórsdóttir, I. J. (2014)
Evidence-Based Prevention of Internalizing Disorders
Macklem, G. L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8609-1_9
ConnectMore: A Relationship-building Curriculum for First-year College Students
Goldenthal, H. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Updates to the catalogue of evidence-based strategies for children's health and wellbeing: Part 2
Williams, K. E., Grootemaat, P. E., Fildes, D. L., Masso, M. R., & Marosszeky, N. (2008) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
La polémica sobre el entrenamiento psicológico del Comprehensive Soldier Fitness
Silgo, M. G. (2014) · Sanidad militar: revista de sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas de España · doi:10.4321/s1887-85712014000100007
Hodges, K. M., & Lorié, Á. (2012) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2012.62.1.149
Teaching Beautiful Questions: Using Literature to Teach Youth Appreciative Inquiry (AI)
Reicher, S. R. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
Enhancing Children’s Well-Being
Holder, M. D. (2012) · SpringerBriefs in well-being and quality of life research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4414-1_9
Universele preventie en weerbaarheidsbevordering op middelbare scholen: Op Volle Kracht
Zundert, R. M. P. V. (2011) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
Building Resilience and Preventing Depression Amongst English Schoolchildren
Challen, A., & Machin, S. J. (2010)
Care for children of parents with depression
Hansen, K. (2014)
[The screening test for mitochondrial disease].
Oguro, N., & Momoi, M. Y. (2002) · PubMed
Albieri, E. (2014) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/6405
Effectiveness of Teaching Problem- Solving Skills on Parental Stress and Parenting Style
Shokoohi–Yekta, M., Parand, A., & Zardkhaneh, S. A. (2014) · Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology
Fatemeh, T., Shokri, O., & Shahidi, S. (2013)
The concept of resilience- the scientific adaptation for society health
Svence, G. (2015) · SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference · doi:10.17770/sie2012vol1.79
Mustanski, B. S., Herrick, A. L., Stall, R. D., & Schnarrs, P. W. (2014)
What Do U.S. Army Field Grade Officers Perceive as Their Role in Building Resilience in Soldiers
Knorr, V. A. (2012) · Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library (CARL) Digital Library (US Army Combined Arms Center)
and anxiety in children and adolescents School-based interventions for depression
Stallard, P. N. (2013)
Hernández, J. M. (2015) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Depressive Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Schulte‐Körne, G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41814-3_152
Siler, A. C. (2016) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Noble, T., & McGrath, H. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1262618
Sherlock-Storey, M. (2016) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)
Positive Tertiary Education in a Residential Setting
Oades, L. G., & Spence, G. B. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.022
Promoting Children's Well‐Being
Stallard, P. N. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119170235.ch14
Robinson, P. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78714-240-420171018
Gray, C. E., Narwhal, H., Jaye, R., & Laohasongkram, S. (2017) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Nikolaou, E. N. (2017) · Science Journal of Education · doi:10.11648/j.sjedu.20170504.20
Diagnostics and treatment of internalizing problems in residential youth care
Weeland, M. M. (2018) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
Kuasit, U. (2017) · PSU Knowledge Bank (Prince of Songkla University)
Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Vermulst, A. A., Janssens, J., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2019) · Pedagogiek · doi:10.5117/ped2019.2.007.rasi
Effects of an adolescent depression prevention program on maternal criticisms and positive remarks.
Nestor, B. A., Sutherland, S. L., Kouros, C. D., Brunwasser, S. M., Hollon, S. D., Weersing, V. R., Gladstone, T. R. G., Clarke, G. N., Beardslee, W. R., Brent, D. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000779
Self-citationOpening Black Boxes of the Meta-Analyses: What Do the Underlying Studies Look like?
Scheerens, J., van der Werf, G. P. C., & de Boer, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54787-5_5
Examining Real-World Applicability of Depression Prevention Trials
Stewart, J. M. (2015)
Treatment of Depressive Disorders
Painter, K. R., & Scannapieco, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190927844.003.0006
Editorial: Optimizing Depression Prevention: The Way Forward?
Merry, S. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.06.012
Baker, T. R. (2017) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)
Mental Illness Prevention and Promotion
Beardslee, W. R., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (2013) · Caregiving · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8791-3_5
Street, B. M., & Garber, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_380
Metadata
- Authors
- Brunwasser, S. M., Gillham, J. E., & Kim, E. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Swarthmore College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1042-1054
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC4667774
- OpenAlex
- W1998952703
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 22.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH52270)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, depression prevention, youth, resilience training, universal prevention, targeted prevention, community service providers, follow-up outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Confidence Intervals, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review