The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genetic and environmental influences on personality trait stability and growth during the transition to adulthood: a three-wave longitudinal study
Open accessAbstract
During the transition to adulthood individuals typically settle into adult roles in love and work. This transition also involves significant changes in personality traits that are generally in the direction of greater maturity and increased stability. Competing hypotheses have been offered to account for these personality changes: The intrinsic maturation hypothesis suggests that change trajectories are endogenous, whereas the life-course hypothesis suggests that these changes occur because of transactions with the social environment. This study investigated the patterns and origins of personality trait changes from ages 17 to 29 using 3 waves of Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire data provided by twins. Results suggest that (a) trait changes were more profound in the first relative to the second half of the transition to adulthood; (b) traits tend to become more stable during the second half of this transition, with all the traits yielding retest correlations between .74 and .78; (c) Negative Affectivity declined over time, and Constraint increased over time; minimal change was observed on agentic or communal aspects of Positive Emotionality; and (d) both genetic and nonshared environmental factors accounted for personality changes. Overall, these genetically informed results support a life-course perspective on personality development during the transition to adulthood.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Behavioral genetic research suggests that some of the personality changes during this period are specifically associated environmental influences”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Hopwood et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Their genetically-informed results support a life-course perspective on personality development during the transition to adulthood.”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 13,081
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
Self-citationJacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604 · cited 2×
“CON involves people’s ability to modulate their emotional responses to internal and environmental stimuli and is linked to the forebrain (DeYoung & Gray, 2009), a structure that continues to develop into the transition to adulthood (Giedd et al., 1999; Gogtay et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBrain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Akaike, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294359 · Cited by 5,264
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Akaike, H. (1987) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1694-0_29 · Cited by 4,027
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Roberts BW Walton K Viechtbauer W Personality changes in adulthood: Reply to Costa & McCrae (2006) Psychological Bulletin 2006a 132 29 32 16435956
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Life Events and Personality Trait Change.
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2018) · Journal of personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12286 · Cited by 588
Self-citationSkeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100611426706 · Cited by 685
Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024298 · Cited by 622
Self-citationGenetic and environmental continuity in personality development: A meta-analysis.
Briley, D. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037091 · Cited by 435
The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Mund, M., Freuding, M. M., Möbius, K., Horn, N., & Neyer, F. J. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868319850738 · Cited by 417
Metadata
- Authors
- Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Blonigen, D. M., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., & Burt, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 545-556
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC3058678
- OpenAlex
- W2140235280
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 25.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.zora.uzh.ch
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 DA05147, R01 AA09367)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Keywords
- personality change, coming of age, genetic factors, nonshared environment, negative affectivity, constraints, positive affectivity, agentic and communal traits, personality development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, Social Environment, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
