The DOI matches its Crossref record; 376 of the 376 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 470 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms.
Open accessAbstract
Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging. The most compelling data come from studies of children raised in poverty or maltreated by their parents, who show heightened vulnerability to vascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality. These findings raise challenging theoretical questions. How does childhood stress get under the skin, at the molecular level, to affect risk for later diseases? And how does it incubate there, giving rise to diseases several decades later? Here we present a biological embedding model, which attempts to address these questions by synthesizing knowledge across several behavioral and biomedical literatures. This model maintains that childhood stress gets "programmed" into macrophages through epigenetic markings, posttranslational modifications, and tissue remodeling. As a consequence these cells are endowed with proinflammatory tendencies, manifest in exaggerated cytokine responses to challenge and decreased sensitivity to inhibitory hormonal signals. The model goes on to propose that over the life course, these proinflammatory tendencies are exacerbated by behavioral proclivities and hormonal dysregulation, themselves the products of exposure to early stress. Behaviorally, the model posits that childhood stress gives rise to excessive threat vigilance, mistrust of others, poor social relationships, impaired self-regulation, and unhealthy lifestyle choices. Hormonally, early stress confers altered patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge. This milieu amplifies the proinflammatory environment already instantiated by macrophages. Acting in concert with other exposures and genetic liabilities, the resulting inflammation drives forward pathogenic mechanisms that ultimately foster chronic disease.
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319 Not checked yet · 139 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 4 Own method · 2 Own result
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“A robust SES gradient was apparent. To the extent that they were raised in less educated households, middle-aged adults made more threatening appraisals of the ambiguous situations [for omnibus effect, F(4,241) = 4.63, p < .001; for linear trend, contrast = .69, SE = .21, p = .001].”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaincorrelationaln = 246- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Even with the covariate included in the model, the disparities related to early SES persisted, F(4,240) = 2.93, p = .02.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaincorrelationaln = 246 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This model maintains that childhood stress gets “programmed” into macrophages through epigenetic markings, post-translational modifications, and tissue remodeling.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Briefly, it posits that childhood stress establishes a pro-inflammatory phenotype in cells of the immune system called monocytes/macrophages.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hormonally, early stress confers altered patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“alters patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most compelling data come from studies of children raised in poverty or maltreated by their parents, who show heightened vulnerability to vascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model goes on to propose that over the lifecourse, these pro-inflammatory tendencies are exacerbated by behavioral proclivities and hormonal dysregulation, themselves the products of exposure to early stress.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Over the lifecourse, these pro-inflammatory tendencies are exacerbated by behavioral proclivities and hormonal dysregulation, themselves the products of exposure to childhood stress.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence these cells are endowed with pro-inflammatory tendencies, manifest in exaggerated cytokine responses to challenge and decreased sensitivity to inhibitory hormonal signals.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“As a result, these cells are permanently endowed with pro-inflammatory tendencies, as manifest in exaggerated responses to challenge and decreased sensitivity to inhibitory signals.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“This interest has been fueled by the results of several recent studies showing that, among people exposed to major psychological stressors in childhood, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anda et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Dube et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
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In the paper
“For instance, one study compared the medical outcomes of 17,000+ adults who did versus did not experience stressors like familial violence, abuse, and neglect as children. It found a 1.5–2.0 fold greater incidence of cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality among those exposed to early adversity (Anda et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2004; Dube et al., 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anda et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Dube et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, it is clear that disadvantage and maltreatment co-occur more often than expected by chance alone (Crouch et al., 2000; Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn, 2000; Taylor et al., 2000).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crouch et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2000
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 126
- Probably not a substantial claim. 42
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviorally, the model posits that early stress fosters vigilance for threat and mistrust of others, traits which make it difficult to form deep social ties. Early stress also impairs self-regulation, creating a proclivity for unhealthy behaviors, and alters patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“And recently, a study of cancer in Israelis who had emigrated from Europe appeared (Keinan-Boker et al., 2009). It found that cancer rates were elevated in immigrants who arrived after World War 2, many of whom were Jews persecuted during the Holocaust. The largest effects were seen in people born 1940–1945, who would have been exposed to horrific conditions before age 5. Their cancer risk was”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keinan-Boker et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the focus of these models is generally on the immediate biological sequelae of stress, and it is thus unclear how they would explain pathology that develops over such a lengthy incubation period (Baum et al., 1993; Miller et al., 2009b; Mohr and Pelletier, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baum et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2009b
- Not checked yetcites Mohr and Pelletier, 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By contrast, researchers working in developmental psychobiology have made significant progress in delineating how early events shape life-long response tendencies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007; Heim et al., 2008; Levine, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006). However, the focus of this work has been on how disrupted HPA axis functioning could give rise to”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Heim et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Cameron et al., 2005
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that the magnitude of effect sizes was identical in studies that used objective versus subjective methodology. Moreover, maltreatment had a significant relationship with some fairly salient outcomes, like history of stroke and myocardial infarction (d=.66), which people could be expected to recall in a reliable fashion.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wegman and Stetler, 2009
hedgedcorrelationaln = 48,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It found that the odds of a first hospitalization for any autoimmune disease was higher among adults with 2 or 3 kinds of childhood adversity compared with those with none; however, the relationship was statistically significant only for women. In linear trend analysis there was a dose-response effect for both genders; for every additional kind of childhood adversity, the odds of an adult”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dube et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The analyses revealed an OR of 1.13, indicating that for every additional type of adversity, the likelihood of premature death of a family member rose by 13%. For those who had experienced 4 or more types of childhood adversity, the odds of a premature death ranged from 1.5–2.9 depending on age. These effects were independent of age, sex, race, and SES.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anda et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the ACE premature mortality analysis, the respondent's siblings or parents were exposed to a similar household environment.
In the paper
“Consistent with this idea are the results of a recent prospective study, focusing on whether various forms of childhood stress presage the clustering of risk factors for CHD in adulthood (Danese et al., 2009). It found that both maltreatment and disadvantage in early life were associated with risk factor clustering at age 32. Covariance analyses showed the effects of these experiences to be”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Danese et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most rigorous work in this area has come from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, a large-scale project that assessed maltreatment retrospectively in 17,337 adults.”
- Also stated in: § Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment · plain
“There was evidence of a dose-response association, with a 20% increase in CHD incidence for each additional kind of early adversity experienced. Moreover, a 2–3 fold increase in CHD was found among those who reported more than 4 types of early life adversity (Dong et al., 2004).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dong et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In terms of disease-specific outcomes, low childhood SES emerged as a risk factor for CHD mortality in 7/10 studies and stroke mortality in 4/6 large studies. Again, these effects were attenuated but not eliminated by adjustment for adult SES.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, SES tends to be fairly stable over the lifecourse, with poor children becoming poor adults far more often than would be expected by chance (Hertzman, 1999).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertzman, 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assuming this is true, the net effects would be to add noise to the data and artificially constrain variance on the maltreatment variable. In both cases this would reduce statistical power, making the study less likely to detect associations.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Retrospective self-report assessments of childhood maltreatment lead to under-reporting.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Galobardes and colleagues (2004; 2008) reported that 28/33 studies found an increased risk of all-cause mortality, typically of 20–40%, among individuals reared in low versus high-SES households. Adjustments for adult SES generally attenuated these associations, but did not eliminate them.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we conclude that the evidence here is suggestive of a causal influence of childhood maltreatment on later health problems, but more work needs to be done to definitively rule out alternative explanations and clarify what the associations reflect in terms of underlying pathophysiology.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Maltreatment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Maltreatment and socioeconomic disadvantage share enough common features to be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress for purposes of generating a broad mechanistic model.
In the paper
“19/24 prospective studies found significant inverse associations, with the excess risk attributable to low-SES in the 30–60% range. When SES in adulthood was controlled these associations were attenuated, but the excess CVD risk persisted in the 20–40% range.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mirroring the mortality data, the effects were stronger for stroke than for CHD, though the latter were reliable.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Galobardes et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the whole, children exposed to these stressors receive less sensory, cognitive, and emotional stimulation, and are more likely to be deprived of basic necessities like food and heat, than more privileged youth (Evans, 2004; Maulik and Darmstadt, 2009; McLoyd, 1998).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Early Stress and Adult Health in Animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Maulik and Darmstadt, 2009
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd, 1998
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A final limitation of the literature here is that it does not specifically implicate childhood exposure to stress as critical for later disease. Although studies link childhood SES with later medical outcomes, it remains unclear whether these effects are specifically attributable to early-life exposure in the way our interpretation presupposes.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that have sought to address this question have generally found support for the hypothesis that childhood is a sensitive period, during which time low SES has potent and lasting effects on health. This conclusion derives from analyses suggesting that the excess disease risk associated with low childhood SES persists even when people experience upward social mobility, and is not generally”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hart et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Kuh et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Ljung and Hallqvist, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, in rodents the first 8 days of life represent a specific window during which variations in the quality of maternal care shape subsequent responsivity of the HPA axis to stress (Meaney, 2001). Lower maternal care during this juncture leads animals to have larger HPA responses to stress, which persist over the lifecourse.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meaney, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When care quality is altered during week 2 of life, the effects on GR expression are significantly less pronounced. Moreover, care manipulations in week 3 of life have no influence whatsoever on long-term GR expression (Meaney and Aitken, 1985)”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meaney and Aitken, 1985
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies of SES have notable strengths compared to the maltreatment literature. They make use of large and representative samples from multiple continents, use prospective designs, have objective SES indicators, and ascertain outcomes through medical records or healthcare databases, eliminating the concern that reporting styles are driving the observed associations. They also generally control”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Long-Term Health Effects of Low SES
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study rats were placed in a stressful situation at 100 days of life (corresponding to early adulthood in humans). The situation required the rats to incur electric shocks to obtain food and drink for 4 days (Ader et al., 1960). Nearly all of the rats developed gastric ulcers following this experience. However, the density of these ulcers was five-fold greater in rats who had been”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Early Stress and Adult Health in Animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ader et al., 1960
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Species differences in development are another major challenge. At the time of birth, rodents are much less mature than humans. As a result, their physiology may need external regulation by caregivers in a manner that is not paralleled in full-term human newborns.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Early Stress and Adult Health in Animals
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these social difficulties and unhealthy lifestyle serve to amplify the chronic inflammatory state.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also contributing to this process are dysregulated patterns of endocrine and autonomic discharge, which consign monocytes/macrophages to operate in a milieu that accentuates their pro-inflammatory tendencies.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is the notion of biological programming, which grew out of research on nutritional deprivation (Barker, 1992), but now is applied to a variety of perinatal experiences, including stress in the psychosocial domain”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Cameron et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Cottrell and Seckl, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while the findings from animal models do not prove that the human studies are capturing a causal process, they do provide quite strong proof of the principle that such effects can occur.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Early Stress and Adult Health in Animals
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PAR’s are biological adaptations made in response to anticipated environmental circumstances. They occur during sensitive periods of development, when bodily tissues have maximal plasticity to environmental inputs. Typically PAR’s become embedded in physiology on a permanent basis.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gluckman and Hanson, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depending on the individual’s genetic liabilities and other relevant exposures (e.g., to pollutants, toxicants, carcinogens, etc.), the ensuing chronic inflammation drives forwards various mechanisms of pathogenesis. Those can include high blood pressure, insulin resistance, plaque growth, tissue destruction, and tumor progression.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Existing models offer insights into the mechanistic basis of mind-body interactions (Glaser and Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005; Kop and Cohen, 2001; Miller et al., 2009b; Pressman and Cohen, 2005), but focus on the immediate biological sequalae of stress.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glaser and Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kop and Cohen, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2009b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“stress gets “embedded” in these immune cells, causing them to mount excessive inflammatory responses to microbial challenges, and be insensitive to inhibitory hormonal signals.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Functionally, PARs enable the organism to better defend itself, make optimal use of resources, and reproduce more successfully. In so doing, they confer enhanced fitness and, at least through reproductive age, survival benefits (Gluckman and Hanson, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gluckman and Hanson, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviorally, early stress leads people to become vigilant for threat and mistrusting of others.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These traits shape the manner in which people engage their social worlds, making them more likely to elicit conflict and rejection, and less likely to garner warmth and support.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adult rats that had been repeatedly separated from their mothers early in life showed more severe airway pathology than adult controls, with increased numbers of eosinophils, T-cells, and other pro-inflammatory mediators found in their lungs upon dissection.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Background: Childhood Stress and Later Disease > Early Stress and Adult Health in Animals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kruschinski et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early stress also leads people to develop poor self-regulation skills, wherein the future is highly discounted in favor of immediate gratification, and there is a resulting propensity to engage in unhealthy behaviors.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Overview of Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the original formulations of the model, physiological adjustments were thought to cause wear and tear on organs over time, which acting with genetic liabilities, gave rise to metabolic and coronary diseases.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker, 1992
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Barker and others have argued that low birth weight reflects nutritional deprivation in utero, which arises because of poor maternal diet and/or insufficient nutrient transfer across the placenta (Barker, 1992; Gluckman et al., 2008).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Gluckman et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in a setting where predators abound, high vigilance for threat might confer a survival advantage by helping the organism to more rapidly perceive and respond to impending danger.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These adjustments spare critical organs like the heart, brain, and pancreas and favor the emergence of offspring with small body size, low skeletal muscle, and high visceral fat (Gluckman and Hanson, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gluckman and Hanson, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These traits served to promote fitness in ancestral ecologies, and may continue to do so today.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because the metabolic adjustments are programmed into physiology during sensitive periods of development, they are thought to persist over the lifespan in a fashion that is permanent and immutable.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barker, 1992
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suspect that when such children are reared in sufficiently perilous ecologies, a vestigial PAR is cued that gives rise to the behavioral and biological phenotype depicted in the model.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Few Western children today reside in settings that resemble the ancestral ecology.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From their early social context people develop likes and dislikes, patterns of interacting with others, and strategies for regulating their desires and emotions (Bowlby, 1969; Cassidy and Shaver, 2008; Luecken and Lemery, 2004).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowlby, 1969
- Not checked yetcites Cassidy and Shaver, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Luecken and Lemery, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it suggests that the experiences people have in early life shapes the kinds of environments they seek out (and create) for habitation later in life (in adulthood), as well as the ways in which they respond to challenges in those environments.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These difficulties are likely to have included predation, conflict with other humans and the ensuing injuries, limited access to nutrients and resources, and accidents and infections.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Functional Significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It posits that some families are “risky” places for children to develop, because they tend to be unstable and conflictual, lacking in warmth and support, and make use of harsh discipline.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These models emphasize the trajectories that childhood experience sets people upon (Pollitt et al., 2005), which are referred to as “chains of risk” (Kuh and Ben-Shlomo, 2004) and “accumulating chains of advantage or disadvantage” (Blane, 1999).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollitt et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kuh and Ben-Shlomo, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Blane, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With time the impact of these hormonal surges accumulates, leading to wear and tear on bodily systems known as allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), and subsequent health problems.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These exposures are presumed to accumulate over the lifecourse such that the more adversity a person experiences, the more likely he or she is to become ill (Hertzman, 1999; Pollitt et al., 2005).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertzman, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Pollitt et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These familial dynamics trigger a cascade of psychological vulnerabilities, including deficits in social competence and emotion regulation, and a propensity to compensate for them with health-compromising behaviors.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In support of this view, adults who report having been reared in harsh family climates show relatively high levels of circulating inflammatory markers, more components of the metabolic syndrome, and increasing trajectories of blood pressure (Lehman et al., 2005; Lehman et al., 2009; Taylor et al., 2006b).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lehman et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Lehman et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2006b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The notion inherent in these models is that adversity begets adversity. A child raised in poverty is likely to attend a school with limited financial resources and receive a suboptimal education. This in turn makes it likely that s/he will be a low-income adult, have a job with routine exposure to pollutants and irritants, live in a neighborhood where fresh foods are hard to find, green spaces for”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertzman, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Pollitt et al., 2005
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Allostatic maneuvers are viewed as being adaptive on an acute basis. But if they are triggered repeatedly, dysregulation across multiple systems ensues, causing declines in physical health.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen and Stellar, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lower SES parents often face multiple demands that affect the quantity and quality of time they can spend with their children. These parents often work multiple jobs with undesirable hours (Presser and Cox, 1997) and have to commute long distances to work (Osterman, 1991).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Presser and Cox, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Osterman, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Marmot et al., 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proclivities lead to frequent activation of the body’s stress-response systems, creating a hormonal milieu that requires adaptations by the immune system. Ultimately, these adaptations serve to exacerbate the pro-inflammatory tendencies already programmed into cells by childhood stress.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The core of this idea is that during stress, the body attempts to restore balance through change (allostasis; McEwen and Stellar, 1993).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen and Stellar, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proclivities shape the kinds of environments people create for habitation later in life and the manner in which they respond to challenges in those environments.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We build on them here by proposing that childhood stress (a) gets programmed into the response tendencies of monocytes/macrophages through specific molecular pathways”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > The Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model > Insights from Other Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They are more likely to use harsh strategies, like corporal punishment (Bradley et al., 2001; Dodge et al., 1994; McLoyd et al., 1994), and to impose demands on their children, without explaining why. Low-SES parents also tend to be inconsistent in their parenting, punishing sometimes but not others for the same offense (Conger and Donnellan, 2007; McLoyd, 1990).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradley et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Dodge et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd et al., 1994
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Low SES parents are also more likely to have mental health problems of their own (Conger and Donnellan, 2007), reducing their ability to attend to their children’s needs.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Conger and Donnellan, 2007
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result of these demands, low SES parents spend less time each day with their kids (Bradley et al., 2001), and provide them with less support (Dodge et al., 1994) and emotion socialization (McLoyd, 1998).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradley et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Dodge et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These types of family environments have been characterized as ‘cold’ and ‘neglectful’ (Repetti et al., 2002), although it is important to note that while the descriptive labels may be accurate, the behaviors they refer to often stem from the life circumstances that low SES families face, rather than representing intentional parenting styles.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Low-SES children also subjectively rate their neighborhoods as more stressful (Overstreet and Braun, 2000; Wright, 2006). For example, 50% of low SES children report concerns about being attacked in their neighborhood (Schubiner et al., 1993).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Overstreet and Braun, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Wright, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Schubiner et al., 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, although most low-SES families residing in Western society today have their most basic needs for food and shelter met, they still face a good deal of material deprivation relative to the expected standards of modern industrialized nations.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, low SES parents are more likely to keep their children indoors because of concerns about violence (Wright et al., 2004b), resulting in greater exposure to family conflict and other adverse features of home environment described above (Overstreet and Braun, 2000).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wright et al., 2004b
- Not checked yetcites Overstreet and Braun, 2000
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In recent decades, it has become evident that early life represents a period of marked plasticity for the immune system. Starting in utero and lasting through the early years of childhood, long-term patterns of immune responding are established by exposures to pathogens, allergens, and irritants (Finch and Crimmins, 2004; Prescott, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finch and Crimmins, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Prescott, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the time children reach their teenage years, 50% of low-SES children have witnessed at least one violent attack on another person, and 24% have themselves been the victim of a physical assault (Crouch et al., 2000). Rates of experiencing violence are about half that level among higher SES children (Crouch et al., 2000).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crouch et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to most theories, low SES is defined by limited access to material resources (Lynch and Kaplan, 2000).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lynch and Kaplan, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This programming manifests in two ways: the cells show more pronounced inflammatory responses when exposed to challenge, and they are less able to terminate these responses because they have reduced sensitivity to inhibitory hormonal signals.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maltreatment often entails harsh parenting, conflict and violence. In sexual and physical abuse, violence is by definition involved, or at least the threat of it. Children who are neglected are not necessarily treated violently by caregivers. However, neglect often co-occurs with other conditions, like alcohol and substance disorders, marital difficulties, and intimate partner violence, where the”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leonard and Eiden, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In comparison to their more advantaged peers, children from low-SES families are more likely to live in run-down housing, with poor quality water, heating, and sewage. Their homes tend to be noisy, crowded, and unsafe, as do the schools they attend and the neighborhoods in which they reside. Low-SES children have limited access to toys, books, computers, learning materials, and recreational”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > The Social Climate of Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These analyses revealed that among participants from low-SES families, there was significant upregulation of genes with response elements for the transcription factor NF-κB.”
- Also stated in: § Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies · plain
“Participants from low-SES backgrounds also showed a significant downregulation of genes with response elements for GR.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies · plain
In the paper
“To the extent that participants reported being raised in a harsh early family climate, they showed progressive desensitization to cortisol’s anti-inflammatory properties over the follow-up period.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Chen, 2010
hedgeddirectn = 135- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Though its precise biological activities are not well understood (Gabay and Kushner, 1999), CRP is widely used as a marker of inflammation (Ridker, 2003). It has a long half-life, can be detected at low levels, and values across the observed range are useful prognostically.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ridker, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To the extent that participants were reared in harsh families, they showed increasingly pronounced IL-6 responses over time.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Chen, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Higher scores on the adversity composite were positively associated with four markers of inflammation: IL-6, fibrinogen, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (but not CRP).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slopen et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who came from low-SES backgrounds, and were socially isolated as children, were also more likely to show high CRP, and these effects were independent of each other.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Danese et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Danese et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The former group showed higher circulating IL-6 and TNF-α levels than the latter (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the extent they have been exposed to childhood stress, adults display heightened cytokine responses to certain microbial stimuli, and are less sensitive to cortisol-mediated signals that shut down this process.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To the extent they were reared in low-SES households, participants were more likely to become infected with the rhinovirus, and to develop symptoms that physicians judged as clinically significant.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These studies yielded a similar pattern of findings, providing the basis for a strong causal inference that via epigenetic mechanisms, low maternal care in early-life can have long-lasting influences on hippocampal gene expression, which manifests in greater HPA axis reactivity to stress.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weaver et al., 2004
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They suggest that early stress enables viruses to replicate more extensively. If these infections become chronic, even at a low-level, they could function as a further stimulus for inflammation (Leinonen and Saikku, 2002; Shirtcliff et al., 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Programming of Pro-Inflammatory Tendencies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leinonen and Saikku, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Shirtcliff et al., 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These methylation differences appeared to be functionally significant, as abuse victims had less GR mRNA and less efficient NGFIA binding to the GR promoter.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGowan et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These additions can modify a protein’s binding capacity, change its ability to pass through membranes, accelerate its degradation, or recruit new molecules towards it. PTM’s can have a marked impact on cellular behavior by altering the dynamics of higher-level processes like signal transduction, transcriptional efficiency, DNA replication, and cell cycle progression (Hochstrasser, 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hochstrasser, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This process would induce more GR phosphorylation, and presumably the cycle would begin again (Miller et al., 2009b). Moreover, because cytokines can have paracrine influences – i.e., effects on cells that are nearby – this cycle of inflammation and phosphorylation could spread.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2009b
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated that handled rats had lower PVN CRH during adolescence than controls. This was in part due to a handling-induced reduction in excitatory glutamatergic innervation of the PVN.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Korosi et al., 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It found that relative to a non-disturbed control condition, handling reduced mRNA for corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN).”
- Also stated in: § Mechanisms of Embedding · plain
“The study also found that handling reduced the degree of phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase, a transcription factor that plays a key role in initiating expression of the CRH gene.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fenoglio et al., 2006b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Mechanisms of Embedding · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these findings are provocative in suggesting that early social context can, to some degree, shape the architecture of the developing hypothalamus, with implications for how neurons in this structure propagate stress-related signals.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swinny et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Korosi et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These changes not only reduce the person’s resting lung function, but also render his/her airway more reactive to future stimuli (see review by Prescott, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prescott, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the long term, these traits will give rise to abrasive social exchanges and make it difficult to garner support from others.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest a plausible remodeling scenario, wherein childhood stress boosts the density of SNS fibers entering the bone marrow, allowing more norepinephrine signal to reach myeloid progenitors there. These signals favor the migration of specific progenitor subtypes into circulation, which are disposed towards aggressive, prolonged inflammatory responding.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, the monocytes that egress from bone marrow under stress tend to have exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine responses upon exposure to LPS, and be relatively insensitive to inhibition by glucocorticoids (Avitsur et al., 2005; Engler et al., 2005).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Mechanisms of Embedding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avitsur et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Engler et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This cell complex plays a role in evaluating the biological significance and emotional salience of stimuli, shaping the way ambiguous information is processed, and organizing biobehavioral responses to situations perceived as threatening (Davis and Whalen, 2001; Phelps, 2006; Whalen et al., 2001).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis and Whalen, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Phelps, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Whalen et al., 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These tendencies will render people more likely to read threat into ambiguous situations, be more sensitive to recognizing and responding to anger, and be cynical about others’ intentions and behaviors.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pollak (2008) argues that physically abused children develop increased perceptual sensitivity for anger, which leads them to identify this emotion more readily and rapidly in others’ faces, even when limited contextual information is available to support these judgments (Pollak and Sinha, 2002).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollak, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Pollak and Sinha, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the observe condition those from harsh families had lower amygdala reactivity, which the authors hypothesized was a result of habituation to, or detachment from, negative emotional stimuli.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2006a
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among participants reared in warmer families, there was a negative correlation between amygdala and vlPFC activity. This relationship was strongly positive among persons from harsher families, a pattern the authors suggest is indicative of a failure to effectively recruit the relevant areas for top-down regulation of the amygdala.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2006a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is structural variation in the timing and duration of this process, with nuclei in the amygdala maturing in childhood and prefrontal regions continuing through adolescence and early stages of adulthood (Ernst and Fudge, 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ernst and Fudge, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The amygdala is comprised of multiple reciprocally connected nuclei (Davis and Whalen, 2001; Ernst and Fudge, 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis and Whalen, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Ernst and Fudge, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Research suggests that corticolimbic circuits undergo significant maturation in the early postnatal years and are subject to both experience-expectant (species typical) and experience-dependent (species atypical) modulation (Leppanen and Nelson, 2009).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leppanen and Nelson, 2009
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chen argues that this appraisal style reflects an underlying vigilance, wherein low-SES children closely monitor their world for danger, and maintain a low threshold for judging situations as threatening.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that appraisal tendencies are shaped by people’s early SES and persist in a fairly stable fashion across the lifespan.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
hedgeddirectn = 246 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a similar vein, Chen has argued that because children from low SES backgrounds are frequently exposed to life events that are both uncontrollable and at times unpredictable, they come to view the world as a threat-laden place that requires high levels of vigilance (Chen et al., 2004).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such models posit a cyclical process, wherein appraisals shape behavior towards others, and in so doing elicit particular responses, which themselves shape future appraisals.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crick and Dodge, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Consistent with both frameworks, research shows that children who are reared in harsher families have smaller social networks, more conflict with family and friends, and perceive less social support (Repetti et al., 2002).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repetti et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea here is that these traits lead people to perceive and engage their social worlds in a manner that brings about conflict and rejection, and renders them less able to receive support and warmth from others.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is a central tenet of interpersonal approaches to personality (Kiesler, 1996) and the literature on continuities and consequences of interaction styles (Caspi et al., 1989).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiesler, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 1989
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, when children attribute hostile intent to others, they are more likely to respond aggressively, and by doing so cause others to escalate (Dodge & Pettit, 2003).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dodge & Pettit, 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even in children SES and hostility are inversely related, suggesting that these beliefs are established early in life (Gump et al., 1999).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gump et al., 1999
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These individuals also tend to be vigilant for threat and mistrusting of others.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moving to social interactions, there is evidence that acute bouts of marital conflict increase levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in circulation, which are still evident 24 hours later (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2005).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They engage others in a manner that leads to abrasive exchanges and makes it difficult to garner social support from others.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After integrating messages, cell groups in the NAcc can relay information back to the PFC via palidal-thalamic loops, and/or direct signals to the hindbrain structures that control motoric activity (Ernst and Fudge, 2009; Grace et al., 2007).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ernst and Fudge, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Grace et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proclivities accentuate the tendencies already programmed into monocytes/macrophages, further contributing to the chronic inflammatory state in the body.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shaping process gives rise to a phenotype that highly discounts the future, behaves in an impulsive fashion, and readily seeks out appetitive stimuli.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There appears to be variation across structures in the onset and length of this period, with maturation of striatal and limbic regions occurring through late childhood and early adolescence. By contrast, maturation of the PFC is thought to continue well into the early stages of adulthood as mentioned previously.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ernst and Fudge, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Somerville and Casey, 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this way, the NAcc serves as an interface between cortical, limbic, and motoric regions, helping the organism select and realize behavioral priorities (Floresco, 2007).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Floresco, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model postulates that childhood stress also shapes the functioning of the neural circuitry that underlies self-regulation of appetitive behaviors.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies have also found evidence of temporal discounting in low-SES individuals, in parallel with greater cognitive impulsivity, marked by a failure to plan ahead, a present-minded orientation, and brief time horizons (de Wit et al., 2007; McLoyd, 1998; White et al., 1994).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Wit et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd, 1998
- Not checked yetcites White et al., 1994
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, childhood SES was not associated with neural responses to monetary loss, or directly related to activity in ventral striatal circuits during either gain or loss trials.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gianaros et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a large birth cohort study, Poulton and colleagues found that to the extent that individuals were raised in low-SES households, at the age of 26, they displayed higher body mass index and great waist: hip ratios, and were more likely to have a history of alcohol dependence (Poulton et al., 2002).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poulton et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the implications of this style is that individuals develop unhealthy lifestyles, characterized by smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity, which are likely to persist over the lifecourse and contribute to a pro-inflammatory environment.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NF-κB is upregulated in the monocytes of overweight individuals, suggesting these cells are primed for pro-inflammatory responding (Ghanim et al., 2004).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ghanim et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model’s last major premise is that childhood stress has an enduring influence on everyday patterns of autonomic and endocrine discharge.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There are also intriguing suggestions that diet and stress may act synergistically, together fostering more pronounced inflammation than either does alone (Kiecolt-Glaser, 2010).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiecolt-Glaser, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have found that across multiple countries, low childhood SES predicts a greater risk of current and persistent smoking, a lower probability of quitting smoking, and increased risk of obesity in adult women, even after controlling for current SES (Jefferis et al., 2004; Power et al., 2005a).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jefferis et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2005a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Low childhood SES also is associated with more episodes of drunkenness, decreased physical activity, and poorer diets in adulthood (Lynch et al., 1997).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lynch et al., 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adipose tissue itself is one of the body’s major reservoir of inflammatory mediators, accounting for almost 1/3 of the IL-6 that is present in circulation (Mohamed-Ali et al., 1997).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mohamed-Ali et al., 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings provide prospective evidence that low SES precedes, and possibly instigates, age-related increases in daily output of cortisol over two years.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Below we discuss five signaling molecules that could plausibly be involved in such dynamics – the adrenal steroid cortisol, the ANS neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, and the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence the tonic release patterns of various hormones, transmitters, and peptides is dysregulated, consigning monocytes/macrophages to operate in a milieu that accentuates their pro-inflammatory tendencies.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One plausible hypothesis is that stress initially activates the HPA axis.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This would involve downregulation of GR, the receptor that binds cortisol under most conditions (Fries et al., 2005b; Miller et al., 2007).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fries et al., 2005b
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2007
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar dynamic in cells of the immune system would diminish GR’s capacity to inhibit NF-κB, as well as other pro-inflammatory transcriptional-control pathways.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results of these studies are consistent with the notion that being reared in a low-SES household leaves a long-lasting imprint on tonic HPA axis activity, which is manifest in greater diurnal cortisol output, though there is some inconsistency across studies about which time of day (s) this is most pronounced.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gustafsson et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 2009a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this downregulation occurred in the hippocampal centers that regulate HPA outflow, it might enable cortisol to partially escape negative feedback inhibition, and lead to the relative increase in cortisol seen in persons from low-SES families.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, others find the opposite effect (Rontgen et al., 2004).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rontgen et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HRV is viewed as an index of PNS regulation of cardiac rhythms via the vagus nerve, whose signals are propagated by acetylcholine.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The monocytes that egress under these conditions have exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to LPS and are relatively insensitive to inhibition by glucocorticoids (Avitsur et al., 2005; Engler et al., 2005).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Avitsur et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Engler et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in much of this work the participants have comorbid psychiatric conditions at the time of assessment, which make it difficult to ascertain whether the SNS dysregulation stems from earlier maltreatment or current symptomatology.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“That said, the general patterns suggest that a bodily milieu rich in SNS endproducts would contribute to chronic inflammation, partly by selectively mobilizing aggressive monocytes from bone marrow into damaged tissue, and partly by shifting cellular activation patterns in these contexts (Kaplanski et al., 2003).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplanski et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduced HRV has also been found in studies of low-SES adults (Hemingway et al., 2005; Lampert et al., 2005), but it is unclear whether childhood SES has a parallel association.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hemingway et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Lampert et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(And presuming that HRV accurately indexes PNS activity, stress affects bioavailable acetylcholine, too.)”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Heart-rate variability accurately indexes parasympathetic nervous system activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OT likewise reduced inflammation and retarded the progression of atherosclerosis in mice at risk for CHD due to social isolation (Nation et al., 2010; Szeto et al., 2008).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nation et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Szeto et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, studies in animal models have revealed that peripheral OT treatment reduces obesity, facilitates glucose control, and improves insulin sensitivity (Camerino, 2009), all of which are components of the metabolic syndrome that precedes and contributes to CHD.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Camerino, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While the root causes of the metabolic syndrome are obesity, inactivity, and genetics, recent evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key pathogenic role as well (Hotamisligil, 2006).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Inflammation and Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hotamisligil, 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If such a tendency influences children’s proclivity for affiliative behavior, it could help explain the persistent social difficulties those reared in adversity experience.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders a Pro-Inflammatory Hormonal Milieu
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, other biological mediators almost certainly come into play during the evolution of disease”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maltreated children are likely to have these exposures as well, because their parents are unlikely to be proactive about health promotion.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SES literature typically indexes exposure with indicators like parental education or occupation. Because these markers of status generally remain stable across childhood, they cannot be used to differentiate the impact of early vs. later exposures.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, depression is sometimes accompanied by processes featured in our model, like chronic inflammation, excessive HPA discharge, and social difficulties (Coyne, 1976; Glassman and Miller, 2007; Howren et al., 2009; Stetler and Miller, in press).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyne, 1976
- Not checked yetcites Glassman and Miller, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Howren et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early stressors like maltreatment increase vulnerability to major depression, as well as sub-syndromal affective difficulties (Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim and Nemeroff, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, work from the Dunedin birth-cohort found that at age 32 clinical depression was associated with greater inflammation. However, further analysis revealed that this association disappeared when childhood maltreatment was entered into equations.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Danese et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that childhood stress brings about inflammation, and perhaps disease, through mechanisms largely independent of depression.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also tended to have poor health practices, high levels of inflammation, and be at risk for CHD.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Childhood disadvantage and maltreatment share enough common features to be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were many instances where this proved to be a tenable assumption – people who were exposed to either stressor early in life tended to become adults who were vigilant, mistrusting, and social isolated.”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Limitations of the Model
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Childhood disadvantage and maltreatment share enough common features to be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maltreatment and socioeconomic disadvantage share enough common features to be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress for purposes of generating a broad mechanistic model.
“To us, these patterns suggest that it is reasonable to proceed on the assumption that maltreatment and disadvantage share enough common features that they can be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress, at least for the purposes of generating a broad mechanistic model to guide research in this nascent area.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the ACE premature mortality analysis, the respondent's siblings or parents were exposed to a similar household environment.
“The assumption here was that the respondent’s siblings or parents would have been exposed to a similar household environment, so any long-term adverse health effects should be apparent in them as well.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Retrospective self-report assessments of childhood maltreatment lead to under-reporting.
“However, the most likely scenario is that retrospective self-report assessments lead to under-reporting of maltreatment (Hardt and Rutter, 2004). Assuming this is true, the net effects would be to add noise to the data and artificially constrain variance on the maltreatment variable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The chronic diseases of aging have a reasonably well-understood pathogenesis that can be leveraged to construct a biologically plausible mechanistic model.
“They also have a reasonably well understood pathogenesis, which can be leveraged here to construct a biologically plausible model of mechanisms through which early stress contributes to later disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Animal models of early stress can serve as proof of principle for causal effects of early stress on later disease in humans.
“However, studies of this nature can be done in animal models, and it is instructive to consider what they have revealed, as this evidence can serve as “proof of principle” that early stress can (or can not) causally influence later disease risk.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in initiating and maintaining inflammation.
“cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which play a key role in initiating and maintaining inflammation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inflammation is central to a number of chronic diseases of aging.
“a process that is central to a number of chronic diseases of aging”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few Western children today reside in settings that resemble the ancestral ecology.
“Today, few Western children reside in settings that resemble the ancestral ecology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The acute inflammatory response is essential for survival.
“The acute inflammatory response is essential for survival - without it, minor injuries or infections would become lethal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol binds to glucocorticoid receptors in macrophages and other immune cells and slows inflammatory processes by tying up NF-kappa B.
“cortisol binds to glucocorticoid receptors (GR’s) located within macrophages and other immune cells, and slows down the inflammatory processes. Mechanistically, this happens because the ligated GR moves into a cell’s nucleus, and ties up a protein called nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The model assumes that early stress sets the upper and lower bounds of how monocytes and macrophages respond to challenge, rather than locking them into a fixed functional setpoint.
“Note that the model does not suggest that monocytes/macrophages get locked into a functional setpoint from which they cannot deviate. Rather, it assigns early stress a role in setting the upper and lower bounds of how these cells will deal with challenge going forwards.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The model assumes that later experiences fine-tune monocyte and macrophage operating tendencies within the bounds set by early stress.
“Within these programmed boundaries, later experiences are assumed to fine-tune these operating tendencies to meet more immediate demands.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Low childhood SES heightens cortisol output in a lasting manner.
“Assuming low childhood SES does heighten cortisol output in a lasting manner, what might be the downstream consequences for inflammatory responding?”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Early stress does not lock cells at a permanent setpoint; instead it calibrates how cells respond to challenge, with later experiences fine-tuning those tendencies.
“As noted earlier, this is possible because early stress is not assumed to “lock” cells at a permanent setpoint. Rather, early stress calibrates the parameters of how cells deal with challenge going forwards, with later experiences fine-tuning these operating tendencies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each of the five signaling molecules has a cognate receptor on or in macrophages that allows it to regulate the magnitude of inflammatory responses.
“But more importantly, each has a cognate receptor in/on macrophages, which allows it to regulate the magnitude of these cells’ inflammatory responses to challenge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stress can modulate the activity of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and oxytocin.
“We focus on these molecules for two reasons, the first being that stress can modulate their activity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Childhood disadvantage and maltreatment share enough common features to be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress.
“We made the assumption that these experiences shared enough common features that they could be aggregated under the rubric of chronic stress.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Heart-rate variability accurately indexes parasympathetic nervous system activity.
“(And presuming that HRV accurately indexes PNS activity, stress affects bioavailable acetylcholine, too.)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“engagement of these pathways may become selfpromoting as a result of neuro-inflammatory sensitization and thus drive heightened levels of inflammation and exaggerated perceptions of social threat for months or years after the original social-environmental impetus has passed”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as G. E. Miller, Chen, & Parker, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, after years of sustained engagement, these dynamics may confer increased risk for inflammation-related disorders, infection, accelerated biological aging, and early mortality”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as G. E. Miller, Chen, & Parker, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This hypothesis grows out of mounting evidence that severe childhood stressors promote the formation of a neural-immune pipeline (15), wherein inflammatory cytokine signaling between the brain and the periphery is markedly amplified (16).”
From Clustering of depression and inflammation in adolescents previously exposed to childhood adversity (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“immunological processes such as preclinical levels of inflammation, which could presage the development of chronic inflammation and disease”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as G. E. Miller et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While traditionally described in neurodevelopment [16], sensitive period effects have been suggested elsewhere, including in the immune [17] and metabolic [18] systems.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“More broadly, the findings contribute to an emerging consensus that childhood social conditions are important in establishing lifecourse trajectories that eventuate in differential vulnerability to disease and disability (15, 36).”
From Clustering of depression and inflammation in adolescents previously exposed to childhood adversity (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Although the association between early adversity exposure and inflammation has been well-documented (See Baumeister et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2011 for review)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Miller et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Maternal care in infancy contributes to epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus (Anacker et al., 2014; McGowan et al., 2009) as well as in peripheral immune cells (Miller et al., 2011; Tyrka et al., 2012).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Miller et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Specifically, microglia in the central nervous system and monocytes/macrophages in the periphery may develop a pro-inflammatory tendency (Miller et al., 2011).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Miller et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Evidence is emerging that the risk of developing chronic inflammation can be traced back to early development, and its effects are now known to persist throughout the life span to affect adulthood health and risk of mortality6–8.”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(4,241) = 4.63, p < .001”
§ Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Towards a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms > Evaluating the Model > Childhood Adversity Engenders Behavioral Tendencies that Accentuate Inflammation
Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .001
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(4, 241) = 4.63reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .001
“F(4,241) = 4.63, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(4, 240) = 2.93reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“F(4,240) = 2.93, p = .02”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Immune responses toHelicobacter pyloricolonization: mechanisms and clinical outcomes
Portal‐Celhay, C., & Perez-Perez, G. I. (2006) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20050232 · Cited by 98
RetractedGrundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 959-997
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC3202072
- OpenAlex
- W2169690159
- Cited by
- 1,785
- References
- 365
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 113 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 24.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD058502)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL073975)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- childhood stress, biological embedding, epigenetics, macrophages, proinflammation, cytokine response, threat vigilance, interpersonal relationships, self-regulation, unhealthy lifestyle, endocrine dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, vascular disease, autoimmune disease, premature mortality, poverty, child abuse, life course
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Aging, Animals, Child, Child Abuse, Child Development, Chronic Disease, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Life Change Events, Male, Models, Biological, Morbidity, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mortality, Premature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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