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Cited by 280Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchTerrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political ViolenceCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Posttraumatic stress disorder following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: A review of the literature among highly exposed populations.

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Neria, Yuval, DiGrande, Laura, Adams, Ben G.·2011·American Psychologist
DOI 10.1037/a0024791PMC PMC3386850
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Abstract

The September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorist attacks were unprecedented in their magnitude and aftermath. In the wake of the attacks, researchers reported a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes, with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the one most commonly studied. In this review, we aim to assess the evidence about PTSD among highly exposed populations in the first 10 years after the 9/11 attacks. We performed a systematic review. Eligible studies included original reports based on the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria of PTSD among highly exposed populations such as those living or working within close proximity to the World Trade Center (WTC) and the Pentagon in New York City and Washington, DC, respectively, and first responders, including rescue, cleaning, and recovery workers. The large body of research conducted after the 9/11 attacks in the past decade suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons with high exposure to 9/11 was substantial. PTSD that was 9/11-related was associated with a wide range of correlates, including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, loss of life of significant others, and social support factors. Few studies used longitudinal study design or clinical assessments, and no studies reported findings beyond six years post-9/11, thus hindering documentation of the long-term course of confirmed PTSD. Future directions for research are discussed.

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  1. Bram J Orr J Rapaport C 2002 Measuring the effects of the September 11 attack on New York City FRBNY Economic Policy Review 8 2 5 20
  2. First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW 1995 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV, Axis I Disorders, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-N/P, Version 2.0) New York, NY New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Biometrics Research

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Metadata

Authors
Neria, Y., DiGrande, L., & Adams, B. G.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University (US)
  • New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Psychologist
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2011
Volume
66
Issue
6
Pages
429-446
ISSN
  • 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-990X
DOI
10.1037/a0024791
PMC
PMC3386850
OpenAlex
W2000538242
Cited by
280
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI
14.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH072833)
  • Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, September 11 attacks, World Trade Center, Pentagon, first responders, rescue and recovery workers, trauma exposure, social support, loss of a loved one, sociodemographic risk factors
MeSH terms
Humans, Life Change Events, New York City, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Washington, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, September 11 Terrorist Attacks

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