Cited by 280Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchTerrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political ViolenceCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Posttraumatic stress disorder following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: A review of the literature among highly exposed populations.

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Neria, Yuval, DiGrande, Laura, Adams, Ben G.·2011·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/a0024791PMC PMC3386850

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Abstract

The September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorist attacks were unprecedented in their magnitude and aftermath. In the wake of the attacks, researchers reported a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes, with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the one most commonly studied. In this review, we aim to assess the evidence about PTSD among highly exposed populations in the first 10 years after the 9/11 attacks. We performed a systematic review. Eligible studies included original reports based on the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria of PTSD among highly exposed populations such as those living or working within close proximity to the World Trade Center (WTC) and the Pentagon in New York City and Washington, DC, respectively, and first responders, including rescue, cleaning, and recovery workers. The large body of research conducted after the 9/11 attacks in the past decade suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons with high exposure to 9/11 was substantial. PTSD that was 9/11-related was associated with a wide range of correlates, including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, loss of life of significant others, and social support factors. Few studies used longitudinal study design or clinical assessments, and no studies reported findings beyond six years post-9/11, thus hindering documentation of the long-term course of confirmed PTSD. Future directions for research are discussed.

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Authors: Neria, Y., DiGrande, L., & Adams, B. G.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (US)
ORCID: Neria, Yuval
DiGrande, Laura
Adams, Ben G.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2011
Volume: 66
Issue: 6
Pages: 429-446
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/a0024791
PMC: PMC3386850
OpenAlex: W2000538242
Cited by: 280
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 14.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH072833)
Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, September 11 attacks, World Trade Center, Pentagon, first responders, rescue and recovery workers, trauma exposure, social support, loss of a loved one, sociodemographic risk factors
MeSH terms: Humans, Life Change Events, New York City, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Washington, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, September 11 Terrorist Attacks

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Posttraumatic stress disorder following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks: A review of the literature among highly exposed populations.

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