Cited by 311Visual perception and processing mechanismsCognitive Abilities and TestingMemory Processes and Influences

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 6 are not checked yet.

Factorial comparison of working memory models.

Open access

van den Berg, Ronald, Awh, Edward, Ma, Wei Ji·2014·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/a0035234PMC PMC4159389

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Three questions have been prominent in the study of visual working memory limitations: (a) What is the nature of mnemonic precision (e.g., quantized or continuous)? (b) How many items are remembered? (c) To what extent do spatial binding errors account for working memory failures? Modeling studies have typically focused on comparing possible answers to a single one of these questions, even though the result of such a comparison might depend on the assumed answers to both others. Here, we consider every possible combination of previously proposed answers to the individual questions. Each model is then a point in a 3-factor model space containing a total of 32 models, of which only 6 have been tested previously. We compare all models on data from 10 delayed-estimation experiments from 6 laboratories (for a total of 164 subjects and 131,452 trials). Consistently across experiments, we find that (a) mnemonic precision is not quantized but continuous and not equal but variable across items and trials; (b) the number of remembered items is likely to be variable across trials, with a mean of 6.4 in the best model (median across subjects); (c) spatial binding errors occur but explain only a small fraction of responses (16.5% at set size 8 in the best model). We find strong evidence against all 6 documented models. Our results demonstrate the value of factorial model comparison in working memory.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0035234

Cites

52 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

2 retracted

Precision in Visual Working Memory Reaches a Stable Plateau When Individual Item Limits Are Exceeded
Anderson, D. E., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4125-10.2011 · Cited by 151
Self-citation
Retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The plateau in mnemonic resolution across large set sizes indicates discrete resource limits in visual working memory
Anderson, D. E., & Awh, E. (2012) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0292-1 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Retracted
A new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879
Estimating the Dimension of a Model
Schwarz, G. (1978) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136 · Cited by 47,033
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,559
Bayes factors
Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 · Cited by 12,558
The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Bhaskar, R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203090732-9 · Cited by 7,765
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions
Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36846 · Cited by 4,265

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 52 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Jeffreys H 1961 The theory of probability 3rd Oxford, England Clarendon Press

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 311

Categorical distinctiveness constrains the labeling benefit in visual working memory
Souza, A. S., Overkott, C. S. R., & Matyja, M. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104242 · Cited by 23
A dual-trace model for visual sensory memory.
Cappiello, M., & Zhang, W. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000274 · Cited by 23
Developmental and individual differences in the precision of visuospatial memory
Sarigiannidis, I., Crickmore, G., & Astle, D. E. (2016) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.02.004 · Cited by 21
Visual Working Memory Guides Spatial Attention: Evidence from alpha oscillations and sustained potentials
Li, D., Zhao, C., Guo, J., Kong, Y., Li, H., Du, B., Ding, Y., & Song, Y. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107719 · Cited by 21
Item strength affects working memory capacity
Shen, Z., Popov, V., Delahay, A. B., & Reder, L. M. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0758-4 · Cited by 21
The art therapy relational neuroscience and memory reconsolidation four drawing protocol
Hass‐Cohen, N., & Findlay, J. C. (2019) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2019.03.002 · Cited by 23
Development of visual working memory and distractor resistance in relation to academic performance
Tsubomi, H., & Watanabe, K. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.005 · Cited by 28
Using Bayes factors to test the predictions of models: A case study in visual working memory
Kary, A., Taylor, R. T., & Donkin, C. (2015) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2015.07.002 · Cited by 20
Linking the diffusion model and general recognition theory: Circular diffusion with bivariate-normally distributed drift rates
Smith, P. L. (2019) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2019.06.002 · Cited by 20
Theory of neural coding predicts an upper bound on estimates of memory variability.
Taylor, R. T., & Bays, P. M. (2020) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000189 · Cited by 20
Affective Modulation of Working Memory Maintenance: The Role of Positive and Negative Emotions
Gökçe, A., Zinchenko, A., Birtwistle, E., Conci, M., & Geyer, T. (2021) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0321-7 · Cited by 19
Noisy and hierarchical visual memory across timescales
Brady, T. F., Robinson, M. M., & Williams, J. R. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00276-2 · Cited by 27
Variability in the Precision of Children’s Spatial Working Memory
Weber, E. M. G., Dirk, J., & Schmiedek, F. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6010008 · Cited by 24
Task-based memory systems in contextual-cueing of visual search and explicit recognition
Geyer, T., Rostami, P., Sogerer, L., Schlagbauer, B., & Müller, H. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71632-4 · Cited by 19
Reconciling similarity across models of continuous selections.
Kvam, P. D., & Turner, B. M. (2021) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000296 · Cited by 20
Encoding differences affect the number and precision of own-race versus other-race faces stored in visual working memory
Zhou, X., Mondloch, C. J., & Emrich, S. M. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1467-6 · Cited by 19
The motive cocktail in altruistic behaviors
Wu, X., Ren, X., Liu, C., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Nature Computational Science · doi:10.1038/s43588-024-00685-6 · Cited by 21
Atypically larger variability of resource allocation accounts for visual working memory deficits in schizophrenia
Zhao, Y., Ma, T., Ran, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., & Ku, Y. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009544 · Cited by 17
“Reliable organisms from unreliable components” revisited: the linear drift, linear infinitesimal variance model of decision making
Smith, P. L. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02237-3 · Cited by 19
Internal but not external noise frees working memory resources
Tomić, I., & Bays, P. M. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006488 · Cited by 17
Informed guessing in change detection.
Rhodes, S., Cowan, N., Hardman, K. O., & Logie, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000495 · Cited by 17
Working memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions
Pollmann, S., & Schneider, W. X. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00029-8 · Cited by 16
When past is present: Substitutions of long-term memory for sensory evidence in perceptual judgments
Fan, J. E., Hutchinson, J. B., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2016) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/16.8.1 · Cited by 16
Set size effects on working memory precision are not due to an averaging of slots
Pratte, M. S. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01902-5 · Cited by 16
Distinguishing guesses from fuzzy memories: Further evidence for item limits in visual working memory
Ngiam, W. X. Q., Foster, J. J., Adam, K. C. S., & Awh, E. (2022) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02631-y · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Accessibility limits recall from visual working memory.
Rajsic, J., Swan, G. S., Wilson, D. E., & Pratt, J. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000387 · Cited by 16
Failure of self-consistency in the discrete resource model of visual working memory
Bays, P. M. (2018) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.05.002 · Cited by 16
Differential trajectories of memory quality and guessing across sequential reports from working memory
Peters, B., Rahm, B., Kaiser, J., & Bledowski, C. (2019) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/19.7.3 · Cited by 16
The primacy of behavioral research for understanding the brainPreprint
Niv, Y. (2020) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y8mxe · Cited by 24
The same type of visual working memory limitations in humans and monkeys
Devkar, D. T., Wright, A. A., & Ma, W. J. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.16.13 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Resource allocation in phonological working memory: Same or different principles from vision?
Hepner, C., & Nozari, N. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.03.003 · Cited by 12
mixtur: An R package for designing, analysing, and modelling continuous report visual short-term memory studies
Grange, J. A., & Moore, S. B. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01688-1 · Cited by 15
Daily fluctuations in children’s working memory accuracy and precision: Variability at multiple time scales and links to daily sleep behavior and fluid intelligence
Weber, E. M. G., Neubauer, A., Irmer, A., & Schmiedek, F. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101260 · Cited by 15
Quality and accessibility of visual working memory during cognitive control of attentional guidance: A Bayesian model comparison approach
Dowd, E. W., Kiyonaga, A., Beck, J. M., & Egner, T. (2015) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.1003631 · Cited by 15
An interference model for visual and verbal working memory.
Oberauer, K., & Lin, H.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001303 · Cited by 23
Monkey visual short-term memory directly compared to humans.
Elmore, L. C., & Wright, A. A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000050 · Cited by 14
Developmental improvements in the resolution and capacity of visual working memory share a common source
Simmering, V. R., & Miller, H. E. (2016) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1163-y · Cited by 14
Does working memory have a single capacity limit?
Taylor, R. T., Thomson, H., Sutton, D., & Donkin, C. (2016) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2016.09.004 · Cited by 14
A note on the identification of change detection task models to measure storage capacity and attention in visual working memory
Feuerstahler, L. M., Luck, S. J., MacDonald, A. W., & Waller, N. G. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1082-z · Cited by 14
The Poisson shot noise model of visual short-term memory and choice response time: Normalized coding by neural population size
Smith, P. L. (2015) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2015.03.007 · Cited by 14
Information foraging for perceptual decisions.
Ludwig, C. J. H., & Evens, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000299 · Cited by 12
Humans adaptively select different computational strategies in different learning environments.
Verbeke, P., & Verguts, T. (2024) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000474 · Cited by 18
From specificity to sensitivity: affective states modulate visual working memory for emotional expressive faces
Maran, T. K., Sachse, P., & Furtner, M. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01297 · Cited by 13
Pigeon visual short-term memory directly compared to primates
Wright, A. A., & Elmore, L. C. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.09.002 · Cited by 13
Inter-trial effects in visual pop-out search: Factorial comparison of Bayesian updating models
Allenmark, F., Müller, H. J., & Shi, Z. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006328 · Cited by 14
The SAGE Framework for Explaining Context in Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Mill, E., Garn, W., Ryman-Tubb, N. F., & Turner, C. J. (2024) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2024.2318670 · Cited by 14
Diffusion theory of the antipodal “shadow” mode in continuous-outcome, coherent-motion decisions.
Smith, P. L., Corbett, E. A., & Lilburn, S. D. (2022) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000377 · Cited by 13
Effects of capacity limits, memory loss, and sound type in change deafness
Gregg, M. K., Irsik, V. C., & Snyder, J. S. (2017) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-017-1416-4 · Cited by 12
A diffusion model analysis of target detection in near-threshold visual search
Corbett, E. A., & Smith, P. L. (2020) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101289 · Cited by 11
No effect of monetary reward in a visual working memory task
van den Berg, R., Zou, Q., Li, Y., & Ma, W. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280257 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Evaluating 3D User Interaction Techniques on Spatial Working Memory for 3D Scatter Plot Exploration in Immersive Analytics
Han, D., & Cho, I. (2023) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar59233.2023.00066 · Cited by 11
Two good reasons to say ‘change!’ – ensemble representations as well as item representations impact standard measures of VWM capacity
Liesefeld, H. R., Liesefeld, A. M., & Müller, H. J. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12359 · Cited by 11
Effect of depth information on multiple-object tracking in three dimensions: A probabilistic perspective
Cooke, J. R. H., ter Horst, A. C., van Beers, R. J., & Medendorp, W. P. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005554 · Cited by 11
Limited capacity for memory tasks with multiple features within a single object
Palmer, J. C., Boston, B., & Moore, C. M. (2015) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0909-2 · Cited by 12
An interference model for visual and verbal working memoryPreprint
Oberauer, K., & Lin, H.-Y. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eyknx · Cited by 11
Chunking, attraction, repulsion and ensemble effects are ubiquitous in visual working memoryPreprint
Chunharas, C., & Brady, T. F. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/es3b8 · Cited by 11
Working Memory Swap Errors Have Identifiable Neural Representations
Mallett, R., Lorenc, E. S., & Lewis‐Peacock, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01831 · Cited by 12
Working memory is supported by learning to represent items as actions
Cochrane, A., & Green, C. S. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02654-z · Cited by 10
The allocation of working memory resources determines the efficiency of attentional templates in single- and dual-target search.
Cong, S. H., & Kerzel, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001239 · Cited by 9
Working Memory Capacity for Gesture-Command Associations in Gestural Interaction
Gao, Q., Ma, Z., Gu, Q., Li, J., & Gao, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2091213 · Cited by 9
A Spatially Continuous Diffusion Model of Visual Working Memory
Fennell, A., & Ratcliff, R. (2023) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101595 · Cited by 8
Task demands determine comparison strategy in whole probe change detection.
Udale, R. C., Farrell, S., & Kent, C. D. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000490 · Cited by 9
The separable effects of feature precision and item load in visual short-term memory
Lilburn, S. D., Smith, P. L., & Sewell, D. K. (2019) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/19.1.2 · Cited by 9
Are stronger memories forgotten more slowly? No evidence that memory strength influences the rate of forgetting
Cohen-Dallal, H., Fradkin, I., & Pertzov, Y. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200292 · Cited by 9
Adaptive chunking improves effective working memory capacity in a prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia circuitPreprint
Soni, A. V., & Frank, M. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.97894.3 · Cited by 18
Do People Take Stimulus Correlations into Account in Visual Search?
Bhardwaj, M., van den Berg, R., Ma, W. J., & Josić́, K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149402 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Recognition Decisions From Visual Working Memory Are Mediated by Continuous Latent Strengths
Ricker, T. J., Thiele, J. E., Swagman, A. R., & Rouder, J. N. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12436 · Cited by 8
Free-recall benefit, inhomogeneity and between-item interference in working memory
Hao, Y., Li, X., Zhang, H., & Ku, Y. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104739 · Cited by 8
Duration estimates within a modality are integrated sub-optimally
Cai, M. B., & Eagleman, D. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01041 · Cited by 8
Dynamic in-flight shifts of working memory resources across saccades.
Udale, R. C., Tran, M. T., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000960 · Cited by 8
The bounded rationality of probability distortionPreprint
Zhang, H., Ren, X., & Maloney, L. T. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/662429 · Cited by 8
Comparing models of contrast gain using psychophysical experiments
DiMattina, C. (2016) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/16.9.1 · Cited by 12
The role of ensemble average differs in working memory for depth and planar information
Zhang, K. K., & Qian, J. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.6.4 · Cited by 7
Precision of phonological errors in aphasia supports resource models of phonological working memory in language production
Black, J., & Nozari, N. (2023) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2023.2206012 · Cited by 6
EZ-CDM: Fast, simple, robust, and accurate estimation of circular diffusion model parameters
Qarehdaghi, H., & Rad, J. A. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02483-7 · Cited by 8
Designing pain visualisation for caregivers of people with special needs: A co-creation approach
Korving, H., Sterkenburg, P. S., Barakova, E. I., & Feijs, L. M. G. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11975 · Cited by 7
Examining the role of attentional allocation in working memory precision with pupillometry in children and adults
Weber, E. M. G., Pakzad, S., Brod, G., & Bunge, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105655 · Cited by 7
Obtaining Stable Predicted Distributions of Response Times and Decision Outcomes for the Circular Diffusion Model
Smith, P. L., Garrett, P. M., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-023-00174-5 · Cited by 7
The time-limited visual statistician.
Attarha, M., Moore, C. M., & Vecera, S. P. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000255 · Cited by 7
Visual Working Memory Resources Are Best Characterized as Dynamic, Quantifiable Mnemonic Traces
Veksler, B. Z., Boyd, R., Myers, C. W., Glenn Gunzelmann, A., Neth, H., & Gray, W. D. (2017) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12248 · Cited by 7
Neural Synchrony for Adaptive Control
Verbeke, P., & Verguts, T. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01766 · Cited by 8
Recall of facial expressions and simple orientations reveals competition for resources at multiple levels of the visual hierarchy
Salmela, V. R., Ölander, K., Muukkonen, I. A., & Bays, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/19.3.8 · Cited by 7
No effect of monetary reward in a visual working memory taskPreprint
van den Berg, R., Zou, Q., Li, Y., & Ma, W. J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/767343 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
A tutorial for estimating Bayesian hierarchical mixture models for visual working memory tasks: Introducing the Bayesian Measurement Modeling (bmm) package for R
Frischkorn, G. T., & Popov, V. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02643-0 · Cited by 6
Modelling Working Memory Capacity: Is the Magical Number Four, Seven, or Does it Depend on What You Are Counting?
Morra, S., Patella, P., & Muscella, L. (2024) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.387 · Cited by 6
Retrospective Attention Interacts with Stimulus Strength to Shape Working Memory Performance
Wildegger, T., Humphreys, G. W., & Nobre, A. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164174 · Cited by 6
A single, simple, statistical mechanism explains resource distribution and temporal updating in visual short-term memory
Lilburn, S. D., & Smith, P. L. (2020) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101330 · Cited by 6
Boosting working memory with accelerated clocks
Thönes, S., Arnau, S., Wascher, E., & Schneider, D. A. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117601 · Cited by 6
Dynamic decision making: Empirical and theoretical directions
Hotaling, J. M., & Kellen, D. (2022) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2022.03.004 · Cited by 7
The spatiotemporal gradient of intrusion errors in continuous outcome source memory: Source retrieval is affected by both guessing and intrusions.
Zhou, J., Osth, A. F., & Smith, P. L. (2023) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101552 · Cited by 5
Sensational Memorability
Cowan, N. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801371-7.00002-8 · Cited by 6
Parallel consolidation into visual working memory results in reduced precision representations
Rideaux, R., Baker, E., & Edwards, M. (2018) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2018.06.005 · Cited by 6
Bias in confidence: A critical test for discrete-state models of change detection.
Winiger, S., Singmann, H., & Kellen, D. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000959 · Cited by 6
Zooming in on what counts as core and auxiliary: A case study on recognition models of visual working memory
Robinson, M. M., Williams, J. R., Wixted, J. T., & Brady, T. F. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02562-9 · Cited by 5
Capacity and Allocation across Sensory and Short-Term Memories
Wang, S., Tripathy, S. P., & Öğmen, H. (2022) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision6010015 · Cited by 7
Familiarity enhances mnemonic precision but impairs mnemonic accuracy in visual working memory
Won, B.-Y., Park, H.-B., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02250-0 · Cited by 5
The neural basis of swap errors in working memory
Alleman, M., Panichello, M. F., Buschman, T. J., & Johnston, W. J. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2401032121 · Cited by 5
Dimension-based retro-cue benefit in working memory does not require unfocused dimension removal
Liu, R., Guo, L., Lin, X., Nie, D., Astikainen, P., & Ye, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433405 · Cited by 7
A two-level hierarchical framework of visual short-term memory
Yatziv, T., & Kessler, Y. (2018) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/18.9.2 · Cited by 5
Attentional effects on orientation judgements are dependent on memory consolidation processes
Haskell, C. R. M., & Anderson, B. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1105830 · Cited by 5

Authors: van den Berg, R., Awh, E., & Ma, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
University of Oregon (US)
New York University (US)
ORCID: van den Berg, Ronald
Awh, Edward
Ma, Wei Ji
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 124-149
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/a0035234
PMC: PMC4159389
OpenAlex: W2131353194
Cited by: 311
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13
FWCI: 19.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Eye Institute (R01EY020958)
Army Research Office (W911NF-12-1-0262)
Sponsor name not included (NIH-R01MH077105)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: visual working memory, working memory models, set size, model spaces
MeSH terms: Attention, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Retention, Psychology, Models, Statistical, Statistical Distributions, Likelihood Functions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Factorial comparison of working memory models.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks