The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 6 are not checked yet.
Factorial comparison of working memory models.
Open accessAbstract
Three questions have been prominent in the study of visual working memory limitations: (a) What is the nature of mnemonic precision (e.g., quantized or continuous)? (b) How many items are remembered? (c) To what extent do spatial binding errors account for working memory failures? Modeling studies have typically focused on comparing possible answers to a single one of these questions, even though the result of such a comparison might depend on the assumed answers to both others. Here, we consider every possible combination of previously proposed answers to the individual questions. Each model is then a point in a 3-factor model space containing a total of 32 models, of which only 6 have been tested previously. We compare all models on data from 10 delayed-estimation experiments from 6 laboratories (for a total of 164 subjects and 131,452 trials). Consistently across experiments, we find that (a) mnemonic precision is not quantized but continuous and not equal but variable across items and trials; (b) the number of remembered items is likely to be variable across trials, with a mean of 6.4 in the best model (median across subjects); (c) spatial binding errors occur but explain only a small fraction of responses (16.5% at set size 8 in the best model). We find strong evidence against all 6 documented models. Our results demonstrate the value of factorial model comparison in working memory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We performed a model recovery analysis [93] to test our ability to distinguish our 6 core models, as well as the 2 stronger versions of the Bayesian model.”
From Comparing Bayesian and non-Bayesian accounts of human confidence reports (2018) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Precision in Visual Working Memory Reaches a Stable Plateau When Individual Item Limits Are Exceeded
Anderson, D. E., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4125-10.2011 · Cited by 151
Self-citationRetractedAnderson, D. E., & Awh, E. (2012) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0292-1 · Cited by 31
Self-citationRetractedA new look at the statistical model identification
Akaike, H. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1974.1100705 · Cited by 51,879
Estimating the Dimension of a Model
Schwarz, G. (1978) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136 · Cited by 47,033
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,559
Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 · Cited by 12,558
The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Bhaskar, R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203090732-9 · Cited by 7,765
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions
Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36846 · Cited by 4,265
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Jeffreys H 1961 The theory of probability 3rd Oxford, England Clarendon Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 311
Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited TheoryPreprint
Popov, V., & Reder, L. M. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/dsx6y · Cited by 10
Memory reconsolidation: a proposed change mechanism for the arts therapies
Hass‐Cohen, N., & Clay, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2025.1518743 · Cited by 6
The capacity of trans-saccadic memory in visual search.
Kleene, N. J., & Michel, M. M. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000099 · Cited by 4
Lockhart, H. A., Dube, B., MacDonald, K. J., Al-Aidroos, N., & Emrich, S. M. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02813-2 · Cited by 4
Feature-based attentional control for distractor suppression
Kim, S., & Cho, Y. S. (2024) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-024-02858-x · Cited by 4
Adaptive curiosity about metacognitive ability.
Recht, S., Li, C., Yang, Y., & Chiu, K. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001690 · Cited by 5
Same set of visual pointers for biological and non-biological objects in working memory
Yu, X., & Lau, E. F. (2024) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2025.2487860 · Cited by 4
Toward a more comprehensive modeling of sequential lineups
Kellen, D., & McAdoo, R. M. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00397-3 · Cited by 4
Computational Models of Event Memory
Cox, G. E., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.3 · Cited by 6
What are the Roles of Sensory and Parietal Activity in Visual Short-Term Memory?
Emrich, S. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801371-7.00006-5 · Cited by 6
Li, A. Y., Fukuda, K., Lee, A. C. H., & Barense, M. D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/535922 · Cited by 4
Information foraging for perceptual decisionsPreprint
Ludwig, C. J. H., & Evens, D. R. (2016) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/wfc3r · Cited by 4
More motivated but equally good: no effect of gamification on visual working memory performancePreprint
Mystakidou, M., & van den Berg, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.12.903203 · Cited by 3
Adaptive forgetting speed in working memory
de Jong, J., Wilhelm, S. A., & Akyürek, E. G. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02507-2 · Cited by 3
Park, H.-B., & Awh, E. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1660-25.2025 · Cited by 3
Self-citationRen, X., Luo, H., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2006-20.2021 · Cited by 3
Quantity and quality of memory and guesses in pattern recall of complex soccer scenarios
Li, J., Lu, H., Yang, Z., Li, Q., Zhou, Q., Che, X., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2369222 · Cited by 3
Visual Short-Term Memory for Coherent and Sequential Motion: A rTMS Investigation
Pavan, A., Ghin, F., & Campana, G. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111471 · Cited by 3
Memory strength versus memory variability in visual change detection
Nosofsky, R. M., & Gold, J. M. (2015) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0992-4 · Cited by 3
Bočíncová, A., van Lamsweerde, A. E., & Johnson, J. S. (2016) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2017.1301613 · Cited by 3
Cultural Problems Cannot Be Solved with Technical Solutions Alone
Lilburn, S. D., Little, D. R., Osth, A. F., & Smith, P. L. (2019) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-019-00036-z · Cited by 3
A resource-rational theory of set size effects in visual working memoryPreprint
van den Berg, R., & Ma, W. J. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/151365 · Cited by 5
Self-citationFrischkorn, G. T., & Popov, V. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/umt57 · Cited by 3
Persistent effects of salience in visual working memory: Limits of cue-driven guidancePreprint
Constant, M., & Kerzel, D. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5w6hz · Cited by 3
Unexpected higher resilience to distraction during visual working memory in schizophrenia
Zhang, R., Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, L., Ran, X., Ji, C., & Ku, Y. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00631-z · Cited by 3
Dissociable loss of the representations in visual short-term memory
Li, J. (2016) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2015.1100979 · Cited by 2
Integration of facial features under memory load
Ölander, K., Muukkonen, I. A., Saarela, T., & Salmela, V. R. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37596-2 · Cited by 2
Communication speeds up but impairs the consensus decision in a dyadic colour estimation task
Yu, L., Wang, C., Wu, S., & Wang, D.-H. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.191974 · Cited by 5
The filtering efficiency in visual working memory
ZHANG, Z., Zhang, L., & Ran, G. O. N. G. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.00635 · Cited by 2
Visual working memory for natural scenes: challenges and opportunities
Luck, S. J., & Kiat, J. E. (2024) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-024-01213-0 · Cited by 2
Representational geometry explains puzzling error distributions in behavioral tasks
Wei, X.-X., & Woodford, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2407540122 · Cited by 3
Huang, L. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56700-5 · Cited by 2
Weber, E. M. G., Keglovits, H., Fisher, A., & Bunge, S. A. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820934990 · Cited by 3
Priming effect of individual similarity and ensemble perception in visual search and working memory
Lin, W., & Qian, J. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-023-01902-z · Cited by 2
An Introduction to the Diffusion Model of Decision-Making
Smith, P. L., & Ratcliff, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45271-0_4 · Cited by 4
Postle, B. R., & Oberauer, K. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.14 · Cited by 4
Persistent effects of salience in visual working memory: Limits of cue-driven guidance.
Constant, M., & Kerzel, D. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0001259 · Cited by 3
Forsgren, M., Juslin, P., & van den Berg, R. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927558 · Cited by 2
How does working memory store more information at larger set sizes? A composite code model.Preprint
Udale, R. C., Gramm, K., Masud Husain, B., & Manohar, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ndq9e · Cited by 2
School-aged children's awareness of their own working memory contents
Blume, C. L. (2018) · doi:10.32469/10355/67672 · Cited by 2
Sequential sampling models in memoryPreprint
Osth, A. F., Zhou, J., Chen, H., & Sun, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ecwzk · Cited by 2
Is working memory domain-general or domain-specific? Implications for theory and practicePreprint
Nozari, N., & Martin, R. C. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/d7a6j · Cited by 2
Time Regained: Decision Processes in Continuous-Outcome Retrieval from Visual Working MemoryPreprint
Smith, P. L., Garrett, P. M., Saber, S., Qian, H., & Surette-Ferguson, E. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ekvgu · Cited by 2
Garrett, P. M., Lua, A., Feuerriegel, D., Little, D. R., & Smith, P. L. (2026) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-026-00265-z · Cited by 1
Resolving Feynman’s restaurant problem reveals optimal solutions and human strategies
Christian, B., Russek, E. M., & Griffiths, T. L. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2509612123 · Cited by 1
Evaluating and excluding swap errors in analogue report
Bays, P. M. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.12.675 · Cited by 1
Awareness of the relative quality of spatial working memory representations
Li, A. Y., & Sprague, T. C. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-022-02646-5 · Cited by 1
How does explicit reliability guide choices? Effect of trustworthiness on choice and metacognition
Ota, K., Ciston, A. B., Haggard, P., Gajdos, T., & Charles, L. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014818 · Cited by 2
Dowd, E. W., Kiyonaga, A., Beck, J. M., & Egner, T. (2014) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.960669 · Cited by 1
Sequence learning recodes cortical representations instead of strengthening initial ones
Kalm, K., & Norris, D. G. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008969 · Cited by 1
Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison
Ma, W. J. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18001541 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHow Does Spatial Attention Influence the Probability and Fidelity of Colour Perception?
Hurst, A., Lawrence, M. A., & Klein, R. M. (2019) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision3020031 · Cited by 1
Violations of Conditional Independence in Mixed-State Models of Visual Working MemoryPreprint
Winiger, S., Singmann, H., & Kellen, D. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w8cu6 · Cited by 1
How does working memory store more information at larger set sizes? A composite code model.Preprint
Udale, R. C., Masud Husain, B., & Manohar, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/46mzv · Cited by 1
Towards a More Comprehensive Modeling of Sequential LineupsPreprint
Kellen, D., & McAdoo, R. M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8ju4z · Cited by 1
Qarehdaghi, H., & Rad, J. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rzqhg · Cited by 1
Contralateral delay activity during dynamic spatial updates in working memoryPreprint
Chernik, C., van den Berg, R., & Lundqvist, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.582343 · Cited by 1
Soni, A. V., & Frank, M. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.97894.2 · Cited by 1
Teodorescu, L. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/08e0bf33z987fz4ff6zbdd7zbf6cf87e81f0 · Cited by 1
Probing the sources of suboptimality in human Bayesian inference
Acerbi, L., Wolpert, D. M., & Vijayakumar, S. (2014)
The Interdependence of Attention, Memory, and Performance Based Reward
Haskell, C. R. M. (2016) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Complex internal representations in sensorimotor decision making: a Bayesian investigation
Acerbi, L. (2015) · ERA
Tomić, I. (2017) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.26.3.6
Unexpected higher resilience to distraction during visual working memory in schizophreniaPreprint
Zhao, Y., Ran, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., & Ku, Y. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/567859
Properties of decision-making tasks govern the tradeoff between model-based and model-free learningPreprint
Abzug, Z. M., Sommer, M. A., & Beck, J. M. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/730663
Visual short-term memory for 3D shapes reveals similar properties to simple 2D featuresPreprint
Robitaille, J., & Emrich, S. M. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hp8fy
Reorienting Spatial Attention within Visual Working MemoryPreprint
Han, S., & Ku, Y. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/854703
Effects of gamification examined in three working memory experimentsPreprint
van den Berg, R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/gb2kd
No effect of monetary reward in a visual working memory taskPreprint
van den Berg, R. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/mwz27
Serial Dependence in Visual Working Memory: Time Course and Neural Mechanisms
Bliss, D. P. (2017) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Lockhart, H. A., Dube, B., MacDonald, K. J., Al-Aidroos, N., & Emrich, S. M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hsvp8
Addressing properties and limitations of flexible resource allocation in visual short-term memoryPreprint
Lockhart, H. A., MacDonald, K. J., & Emrich, S. M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mwa9z
Cognitive Development and Individual Variability
Ribaupierre, A. D., & Lecerf, T. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03921-053-4
Information Foraging for Perceptual Decisions
Ludwig, C. J. H., & Evens, D. R. (2014) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e524912015-106
Zhou, X., Mondloch, C. J., & Emrich, S. M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9pyvz
Moore, S. B., & Grange, J. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7rnz2
Wang, S., Karabay, A., & Akyürek, E. G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508098
Perceptivni distraktori utječu na reprezentacije vidnoga radnog pamćenja samo u ranim fazama obrade
Tomić, I., & Ivanec, D. (2022) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.31.3.9
Awareness of the Relative Quality of Spatial Working Memory Representations
li, Y., & Sprague, T. C. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.14.3367
Intrusion Errors in Source Memory are affected by Orthographic but not Semantic SimilarityPreprint
Zhou, J., Osth, A. F., & Smith, P. L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6tfmc
A Computational Approach to Search in Visual Working MemoryPreprint
Singh, A., Mihali, A., Chou, W.-C., & Ma, W. J. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jqthb
Self-citationWorking memory representations are spatially transferred in cortex during mental manipulationsPreprint
Lundqvist, M., Chernik, C., & van den Berg, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4025136/v1
de Jong, J. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.1004106212
Soni, A. V., & Frank, M. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.97894.1
Soni, A. V., & Frank, M. J. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.97894.1.sa0
Introducing ART: A new method for testing auditory memory with circular reproduction tasks
Karabay, A., Nijenkamp, R., Sarampalis, A., & Fougnie, D. L. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02477-2
Sequential sampling models in memory
Osth, A. F., Zhou, J., Chen, H., & Sun, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00024-9 · Cited by 2
Korving, H. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.976
Information foraging for perceptual decisionsPreprint
Ludwig, C. J. H., & Evens, D. R. (2016) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/wfc3r_v1
Kishimoto, T., Sun, L., Wang, C., Xu, H., Fu, Y., Gao, Y.-Y., Cheng, Z.-J., Jin, J., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07907-8
Given the birds, where is the flock? Visual estimation of the location of collections of pointsPreprint
Ota, K., Wu, Q., Mamassian, P., & Maloney, L. T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664170
Huang, L. (2025) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680251380430
The Impact of Dimension Switching on Visual Short-Term Memory
Moore, S. B., & Grange, J. A. (2025) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218251404415
Features without their locations in visual working memory: Evidence from change-detection tasks
George, C. A., & Pratte, M. S. (2025) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-025-03205-4
Does Working Memory Have a Single Capacity Limit?Preprint
Donkin, C., & Taylor, R. (2016) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
A Review of the Static and Dynamic Modulation of Visual Working Memory by Attention
王, 梦. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.161035
Chunking, Attraction, Repulsion, and Ensemble Effects Are Ubiquitous in Visual Working Memory
Chunharas, C., & Brady, T. F. (2026) · Open Mind · doi:10.1162/opmi.a.312
Metadata
- Authors
- van den Berg, R., Awh, E., & Ma, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Oregon (US)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 124-149
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- PMC
- PMC4159389
- OpenAlex
- W2131353194
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 19.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY020958)
- Army Research Office (W911NF-12-1-0262)
- Sponsor name not included (NIH-R01MH077105)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- visual working memory, working memory models, set size, model spaces
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Retention, Psychology, Models, Statistical, Statistical Distributions, Likelihood Functions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
