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The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference.
Open accessAbstract
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7) is a self-report questionnaire that is widely used to screen for anxiety. The GAD-7 has been translated into numerous languages, including Spanish. Previous studies evaluating the structural validity of the English and Spanish versions indicate a unidimensional factor structure in both languages. However, the psychometric properties of the Spanish language version have yet to be evaluated in samples outside of Spain, and the measure has not been tested for use among Hispanic Americans. This study evaluated the reliability, structural validity, and convergent validity of the English and Spanish language versions of the GAD-7 for Hispanic Americans in the United States. A community sample of 436 Hispanic Americans with an English (n = 210) or Spanish (n = 226) language preference completed the GAD-7. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the goodness-of-fit of the unidimensional factor structure of the GAD-7 across language-preference groups. Results from the multiple-group CFA indicated a similar unidimensional factor structure with equivalent response patterns and item intercepts, but different variances, across language-preference groups. Internal consistency was good for both English and Spanish language-preference groups. The GAD-7 also evidenced good convergent validity as demonstrated by significant correlations in expected directions with the Perceived Stress Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Physical Health domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF assessment. The unidimensional GAD-7 is suitable for use among Hispanic Americans with an English or Spanish language preference.
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“The GAD-7 shows good internal and convergent validity with related measures of mental health in Latinx samples (Mills et al., 2014).”
From Exposure Therapy Acceptability Among Pregnant Latinas With Anxiety: A Qualitative Content Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Mills et al., 2014
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Rutter, L. A., & Brown, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9571-9 · Cited by 402
Tiirikainen, K., Haravuori, H., Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Marttunen, M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004 · Cited by 345
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Self-citationExploring perceived stress among students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mills, S. D., Fox, R. S., Malcarne, V. L., Roesch, S. C., Champagne, B. R., & Sadler, G. R.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 463-468
- ISSN
- 1077-341X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0106
- 1099-9809
- PMC
- PMC4129392
- OpenAlex
- W2317945932
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R25CA130869, P30 CA023100)
- National Institutes of Health (P60 MD000220, U56 CA92079/U56 CA92081; and U54 CA132379/U54 CA132384)
- University of California, San Diego
- Sponsor name not included
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7, anxiety screening, Hispanic Americans, Spanish translation, English-language version, language preference, psychometric properties, structural validity, convergent validity, reliability statistics, cross-cultural equivalence, perceived stress, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Translating, Reproducibility of Results
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