Comparative fit indexes in structural models.

Bentler, P. M.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Cited by 25,266Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

Comparative fit indexes in structural models.

Bentler, P. M.·1990·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

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Abstract

Normed and nonnormed fit indexes are frequently used as adjuncts to chi-square statistics for evaluating the fit of a structural model. A drawback of existing indexes is that they estimate no known population parameters. A new coefficient is proposed to summarize the relative reduction in the noncentrality parameters of two nested models. Two estimators of the coefficient yield new normed (CFI) and nonnormed (FI) fit indexes. CFI avoids the underestimation of fit often noted in small samples for Bentler and Bonett's (1980) normed fit index (NFI). FI is a linear function of Bentler and Bonett's non-normed fit index (NNFI) that avoids the extreme underestimation and overestimation often found in NNFI. Asymptotically, CFI, FI, NFI, and a new index developed by Bollen are equivalent measures of comparative fit, whereas NNFI measures relative fit by comparing noncentrality per degree of freedom. All of the indexes are generalized to permit use of Wald and Lagrange multiplier statistics. An example illustrates the behavior of these indexes under conditions of correct specification and misspecification. The new fit indexes perform very well at all sample sizes.

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Model fit in LGC analyses was evaluated using CFI, TLI, and RMSEA with standard criteria.
“Model fit in the LGC analyses was evaluated using standard model fit indices: the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990), the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI; Tucker & Lewis, 1973), and the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA; Steiger, 1990). Acceptable model fit was evaluated using standard model fit criteria: CFI and TLI values close to .95 or above and RMSEA values close to 0.08 or below”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Bentler, 1990
Acceptable model fit was determined using cut-off guidelines for RMSEA (<0.08) and SRMR (≤0.08).
“Acceptable model fit was determined using accepted cut-off guidelines for RMSEA (<0.08) and SRMR (≤0.08) (75–77).”
From Acceptance of smart sensing, its determinants, and the efficacy of an acceptance-facilitating intervention in people with diabetes: results from a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
Both hypothesized SEMs have good fit indices: CFI 0.97 and 0.963, TLI greater than 0.95, and RMSEA 0.059-0.072 for SEM 1 and 0.065-0.072 for SEM 2.
“Both hypothesized models have reasonably strong indices of fit, as indicated in Table 5. Comparative fit indices (CFIs) of 0.97 and 0.963 respectively indicate that the models exhibit good fit according to several general guidelines and recommendations (Bentler, 1990, MacCallum et al., 1996, Hu and Bentler, 1999).Similarly, the models also both have high Tucker-Lewis indices (TLIs) of greater than”
From Discriminatory attitudes between ridesharing passengers (2020) · cites this paper as Bentler, 1990

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Authors: Bentler, P. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Bentler, P. M.
ORCID: Bentler, P. M.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1990
Volume: 107
Issue: 2
Pages: 238-246
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
OpenAlex: W2018201949
Cited by: 25,266
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 819 · 2025: 1270 · 2024: 1256 · 2023: 1284 · 2022: 1450 · 2021: 1427 · 2020: 1212 · 2019: 1213 · 2018: 1190 · 2017: 1105 · 2016: 1164 · 2015: 1143 · 2014: 1130 · 2013: 1110 · 2012: 998
FWCI: 84.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA01070, DA-00017, P01DA001070)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords: comparative fit index, structural equation modeling, model fit assessment, noncentrality parameter, nested models, Wald statistic, small sample bias, model misspecification
MeSH terms: Humans, Personality Tests, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Models, Statistical

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Comparative fit indexes in structural models.

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