The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Examination of the factorial structure of adverse childhood experiences and recommendations for three subscale scores
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current investigation is to assess and validate the factor structure of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's (BRFSS) Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) module. METHOD: ACE data available from the 2009 BRFSS survey were fit using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to estimate an initial factorial structure. The exploratory solution was then validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with data from the 2010 BRFSS survey. Lastly, ACE factors were tested for measurement invariance using multiple group factor analysis. RESULTS: EFA results suggested that a 3-factor solution adequately fit the data. Examination of factor loadings and item content suggested the factors represented the following construct areas: Household Dysfunction, Emotional/Physical Abuse, and Sexual Abuse. Subsequent CFA results confirmed the 3-factor solution and provided preliminary support for estimation of an overall latent ACE score summarizing the responses to all available items. Measurement invariance was supported across both gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study provides support for the use of the current ACE module scoring algorithm, which uses the sum of the number of items endorsed to estimate exposure. However, the results also suggest potential benefits to estimating 3 separate composite scores to estimate the specific effects of exposure to Household Dysfunction, Emotional/Physical Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.
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“In terms of psychometric properties for the ACE module, overall internal consistency is reported to be 0.78, with subscale alphas ranging between 0.61 and 0.80 (Ford et al., 2014).”
From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Ford et al., 2014
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“Childhood adversity was measured using the 11-item Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) module from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (Ford et al., 2014).”
From Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States (2022) · cites this paper as Ford et al., 2014
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Merrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., & Guinn, A. S. (2018) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2537 · Cited by 1,189
Self-citationAdverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: shifting the narrative
Metzler, M., Merrick, M. T., Klevens, J., Ports, K. A., & Ford, D. C. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021 · Cited by 713
Self-citationMerrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., Guinn, A. S., Chen, J., Klevens, J., Metzler, M. M., Jones, C. M., Simon, T. R., Daniel, V. M., et al. (2019) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6844e1 · Cited by 698
Self-citationThe frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the U.S.
Giano, Z. D., Wheeler, D., & Hubach, R. D. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09411-z · Cited by 516
Bethell, C. D., Carle, A., Hudziak, J., Gombojav, N., Powers, K., Wade, R., & Braveman, P. (2017) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.161 · Cited by 483
Metadata
- Authors
- Ford, D. C., Merrick, M. T., Parks, S. E., Breiding, M. J., Gilbert, L. K., Edwards, V. J., Dhingra, S. S., Barile, J. P., & Thompson, W. W.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychology of Violence
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 432-444
- ISSN
- 2152-081X (ISSN-L)
- 2152-0828
- PMC
- PMC4587306
- OpenAlex
- W1972154151
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology of Violence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, factor structure, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, household dysfunction, sexual abuse, measurement invariance, composite score, child abuse
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