Cited by 297Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes.

Spinazzola, Joseph, Hodgdon, Hilary, Liang, Li-Jung, Ford, Julian D., Layne, Christopher M., Pynoos, Robert, Briggs, Ernestine C., Stolbach, Bradley, Kisiel, Cassandra·2014·Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

DOI 10.1037/a0037766

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

For this study, we evaluated the independent and additive predictive effects of psychological maltreat-ment on an array of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders in a large national sample of clinic-referred children and adolescents drawn from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS; see Layne, Briggs-King, & Courtois, 2014). We analyzed a subsample of 5,616 youth with lifetime histories of 1 or more of 3 forms of maltreatment: psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse or emotional neglect), physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Measures included the University of California, Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Reaction Index (Steinberg et al., 2004), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), and 27 diagnostic and CDS-specific clinical severity indicators. Psychologically maltreated youth exhibited equivalent or greater baseline levels of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders compared with physically or sexually abused youth on most indicators. The co-occurrence of psychological maltreatment with physical or sexual abuse was linked to the exacerbation of most outcomes. We found that the clinical profiles of psychologically maltreated youth overlapped with, yet were distinct from, those of physically and/or sexually abused youth. Despite its high prevalence in the CDS, psychological maltreatment was rarely the focus of intervention for youth in this large national sample. We discuss implications for child mental health policy; educational outreach

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0037766

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment
Maruish, M. E., & Leahy, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.205 · Cited by 1,634
A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity
Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B. V. D., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20444 · Cited by 1,473
Self-citation
The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment
Myers, J. E. B. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,228
The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index
Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0048-2 · Cited by 1,212 · cited 4×
“Compared with the PA group, the PM ϩ PA group had significantly higher CBCL-Int. scores (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), estimated difference ϭ 2.66, SE ϭ 0.62; p Ͻ .0001, and PTSD-RI scores (Steinberg et al., 2004), estimated difference ϭ 2.45, SE ϭ 0.81; p ϭ 0.0025.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress
Sedlak, A. J. (2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · Cited by 960
Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research
Cicchetti, D. (1993) · Cited by 859
Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype
MANLY, J. T., KIM, J. E., ROGOSCH, F. A., & CICCHETTI, D. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004023 · Cited by 789
Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis.
D'Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x · Cited by 703
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 47 references

1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–296 of 296

A sex-specific pathway linking early life maltreatment, vagal activity, and depressive symptoms
Sigrist, C., Ottaviani, C., Baumeister-Lingens, L., Bussone, S., Pesca, C., Kaess, M., Carola, V., & Koenig, J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2325247 · Cited by 2
“However, the present exploratory network analyses, consistent with prior studies, underscore emotional maltreatment as a central and impactful form linked to depression development (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
The Role of Counselor Trainees' Co-Regulated Mindfulness: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Study
Warwick, L. (2023) · doi:10.12794/metadc2137602 · Cited by 2
Development of the Psychological Maltreatment Inventory
Boughn, A. M., & DeCino, D. A. (2021) · The Professional Counselor · doi:10.15241/amb.11.3.285 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, legal definitions of child PM vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state to state (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigating the Influence of Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Emotional Neglect on Sense of Coherence in Young Adulthood
Watts, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.44.3.02 · Cited by 1
Experiencing Violence among Children and Adolescents with Depression in the Aspect of Polish Law
Lewandowska, A., Bliźniewska-Kowalska, K. M., Gałecki, P., & Kubiak, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195818 · Cited by 3
“[60], which showed that mental abuse (including emotional neglect) was associated with an increased risk of developing depression in a national sample of adolescents.”
Background
Gender moderates the relationships between childhood abuse experiences and mental disorders later in life: a cross-sectional study among university students in Turkey
Türkkan, T., Odacı, H., & Bülbül, K. (2023) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2023.2264472 · Cited by 2
“Also, in various studies, it has been found that the e ﬀ ects of abuse on children di ﬀ er in terms of gender (Asscher et al., 2015; Hagborg et al., 2017; Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Associations Between PTSD and Depressive Symptoms and Victimization Among Female College Students: A Latent Class Analysis
Chesin, M. S., Cascardi, M. A., & Gilleran, K. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241260602 · Cited by 2
“…of any singular type of CM and/or IPV type was captured or modeled given our threshold, despite understanding that severity and frequency of CM and IPV, even of a singular type, are associated with PTSD and depressive symptom severity (e.g., Spinazzola et al., 2014; Stein & Kennedy, 2001).”
The Impact of Child Maltreatment Type and Severity on Complex PTSD Symptoms in Young Adults
Watts, J. R., Warwick, L., Huang, Y.-J., & Rackley, P. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2570257 · Cited by 1
“Spinazzola et al. (2014) found that CPA is a significant and unique predictor of detrimental mental health outcomes among treatment-seeking youth, including depression, generalized anxiety, PTSD, and attachment problems.”
Influential
The impact of childhood maltreatment on paternal antenatal bonding: the mediating role of antenatal depression
Bevacqua, E., Fazio, L., Riolo, M., Sottile, J., Guarneri, C., Mineo, R., Rini, C., Falgares, G., Costanzo, G., Gelo, O. C. G., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03784-9 · Cited by 1
“Emotional abuse and emotional neglect, although both classified as emotional maltreatment, represent distinct developmental negative experiences with divergent psychological consequences [33, 34].”
Early life abuse and neglect in breast cancer survivors: Associations with physical and psychological health throughout diagnosis and survivorship
Johal, S. K., Shrout, M. R., Madison, A. A., Wilson, S. J., Povoski, S. P., Carson, W. E., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., & Renna, M. E. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70057 · Cited by 1
“This may reflect the idea that different types of abuse and neglect may exert differential effects on mental health (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Associations between Chronicity of Childhood Maltreatment and Late Adolescent Mental Health and Risk Behaviors
Fritz, H. L., Ji, J., & Negriff, S. L. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01095-0 · Cited by 1
From Suspicion to Action: Characteristics and Contextual Factors of Child Emotional Abuse in the German Healthcare Setting
Sitarski, E., Stickel, M., Eberhardt, A., Fegert, J. M., & Berthold, O. (2026) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595261453530 · Cited by 1
Childhood Abuse and Neglect, Global Emotional Functioning, and Emotional Regulation in a Community Sample of Adults
Isaacs, D. (2016) · Cited by 1
Mental Health Issues: Child Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Emotional Abuse
Valles, N., Harris, T. B., & SARGENT, J. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00635-8_18 · Cited by 3
Eine mehrdimensionale Untersuchung der Emotionsregulation im Kontext Nicht-Suizidaler Selbstverletzung im Jugendalter
Sigrist, C., Resch, F., Kaess, M., & Koenig, J. (2021) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.8.699 · Cited by 1
THE ROLE OF COMPLEX POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN ACCEPTING-REJECTING DIMENSION OF PARENTING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF ABUSE
Misic, M., Todorović, J., & Petrovic, A. (2022) · Annual of Social Work · doi:10.3935/ljsr.v28i3.368 · Cited by 1
“Theories of intergenerational transmission of abuse support these findings (Spinazzola et al, 2014; Grünbaum et al., 2018). articles 605”
Influential
Violent Geographies of Childhood and Home: The Child in the Closet
Hörschelmann, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_6-1 · Cited by 6
Graduate Student Professional Quality of Life Impact of Self-Compassion, Psychological Flexibility, and ACEs
Harris, H. L. (2019) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University) · Cited by 1
El llamado síndrome de alienación parental y sus derivaciones
de la Cruz, J. G., Guija, J. A., & Bravo, M. D. M. P. (2021) · Revista Española de Medicina Legal · doi:10.1016/j.reml.2021.06.001 · Cited by 1
Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Use Among Individuals with Serious Mental Illnesses in Public-Sector Treatment Settings
Compton, M. T., Zern, A., Langlois, S., & Ashekun, O. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01014-9 · Cited by 1
“Millions of adults—estimated at nearly 60% of the U.S. population—report one or more ACEs (Spinazzola et al., 2014), which include childhood physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect and other stressful childhood events, such as parental divorce or incarceration.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychische Misshandlung
Clemens, V., Fegert, J. M., & Witt, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66900-6_21 · Cited by 1
Child Neglect and Emotional Maltreatment
Simmel, C., & Shpiegel, S. (2020) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0284 · Cited by 1
Aggression, Mobbing und soziale Ausgrenzung – und Wege zur Streitschlichtung
Schuster, B. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48392-3_10
Emotional abuse: Recognising the signs and supporting victims
Thornton, S. (2017) · British Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjsn.2017.12.1.40
The Trauma and Attachment Group (TAG) program: An ethnographic exploration of an intensive dyad-based group intervention for traumatized youth
Ashton, C. K. K. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r37p8tt0n
Retrospection and recollection of influences of physical activity and sport on the development of substance addiction among people in recovery from substance addiction
de Grace (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3wm1451w
Emotional Intelligence and Coping Styles among University Students with Childhood Abuse Experiences
Ahmed, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences · doi:10.12785/jeps/180408
Psychological Maltreatment of Children and Youth: A Historical Perspective on the Right to Be Emotionally Safe
Garbarino, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_25-1
The Weight of Shame and Trauma in Bariatric Patients
Stricklen, J. D. (2019) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)
Grit-related profiles predict polysubstance use in youth with a history of childhood maltreatmentPreprint
Picci, G., Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., & Rose, E. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2yfwh
Psychological Maltreatment of Children and Youth: A Historical Perspective on the Right to Be Emotionally Safe
Garbarino, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_25
Applying Childhood Maltreatment Identification and Intervention in an Academic Setting
Kuznik, A. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1428709
Copyright Page
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0003
Childhood Harm and Its Shadow
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0003
Adulthood Harm and Its Shadow
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0004
Transformative Corrections
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0009
Notes
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0008
Harm
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0002
Supply of Behavioral Health Treatment
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0007
Epigraph
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0005
Permission Credits
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0011
Victimization Inside Prison
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0005
Demand for Behavioral Health Treatment
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0006
Preface
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0007
Dedication
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.002.0004
The Curse
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0001
A Community-Engagement Strategy for Harm Recovery in Correctional Settings
Wolff, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.003.0008
Global Perspectives on Family Violence
Howell, K. H., Napier, T. R., Thomsen, K. N., Martinez‐Torteya, C., & Källström, Å. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197649510.003.0008
Do online parenting blogs discourage psychological maltreatment and corporal punishment?
Baker, A. J. L., Brassard, M. R., Rosenzweig, J., Kagan, J., Stormer, B., & Adkins, K. L. (2023) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2023.2200344
“…severe and/or persistent) and a wide range of negative developmental outcomes across numerous domains including physical health problems, mental health disorders, and impaired social-emotional functioning (e.g., Abajobir et al., 2017; Brassard, 2019; Norman et al., 2012; Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Background
The Influence of Child Maltreatment in the Manifestation of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms at the Age 18
Velasquez, M. J. (2023) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5717
La maltraitance psychologique envers les enfants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19
Terrault, Z. (2023) · Psycause revue scientifique étudiante de l École de psychologie de l Université Laval · doi:10.51656/psycause.v13i1.51845
Jeugdbescherming ten einde raad
Aro, E., & Keulemans, S. (2023) · Bestuurskunde · doi:10.5553/bk/092733872023032003006
Sex Stereotypes and Child Physical Abuse: Mediating Effects of Attitudes on Beliefs about Consequences for Abusive Parents
Leone, C. T., Hawkins, L. B., Geary, M., & Bolanos, V. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231225394
“As mentioned previously, abuse of children by their own parents has several undesirable mental health and behavioral outcomes for these children (Greeson et al., 2014; Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Onzichtbare tralies: de impact van psychische mishandeling
Praktijk Mens & Groei, B. B. H. N. V. ‘. V. Z., & Rodenburg, G. (2021) · GGZ Vaktijdschrift · doi:10.31739/ggzv.2021.2.14
Child Maltreatment: Psychological Maltreatment
Brassard, M. R., & Edwards, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_3513 · Cited by 1
The Cycle of Developmental Trauma and Criminal Behavior
Sapp, K. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in offending populations & correctional psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61157-5_3
FEATURES OF BEHAVIOURAL DYSREGULATION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. LITERATURE REVIEW
Фролова, А. В., Леурда, Е. В., & Макушкина, О. А. (2024) · Научное обозрение Медицинские науки (Scientific Review Medical Sciences) · doi:10.17513/srms.1407
Effects and potential mechanisms of parental harsh discipline on adolescents’ relational aggression
Wei, Z. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06643-9 · Cited by 1
“…by caregivers can lead to a variety of adverse outcomes for children and adolescents, such as learning difficulties, impaired social skills development, aggression, delin-quency, and anti-social behavior (Firmin & Castle, 2008; Paul & Eckenrode, 2015; Spinazzola et al., 2014 ; Xing & Wang, 2016).”
Child Maltreatment and Combat Injury
Cocozza, W., Grabanski, C. R., & Lamade, R. V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_251-1
Family Development and the Dynamics of Dysfunction in Family Law and Child Protection Matters
Garber, B. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5854-8_3
Trauma-informed practice
Martin, K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009289771.009
Mapping Adversities: Network Analysis of Maltreatment within a Broader Web of Poly-Adversity in a Population-Based SamplePreprint
Wallimann, M. S., Sætren, S. S., & Hafstad, G. S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5120312
IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON ADULT BEHAVIOUR
Shabbir, M. S., Rauf, A., Longa, F. E. A., Hassan, D. G., Mufti, S., & Faiza, M. (2025) · Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review · doi:10.63878/cjssr.v3i2.811 · Cited by 1
Adults’ Verbal Abuse Toward Children: The Role of Unintended Parenthood, Parenting Stress, and Social Psychological Risk
Kaufman-Parks, A. M., Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., & Giordano, P. C. (2025) · The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89737-5_11
Influence of Self-esteem on the link between Emotional Abuse and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms among Adolescents
Shah, A. J., & Jillani, U. (2025) · ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences · doi:10.63056/acad.004.03.0401
Emotion Dysregulation as a Target Mechanism for the Psychological Consequences of Emotional Abuse and Neglect: A Systematic Review of Mediation StudiesPreprint
Schaumburg, L. M., & Nimtz, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5400593
Understanding Emotional Neglect and Emotional Abuse: A Holistic View from Conceptualization to Intervention
Turhan, C., & Eryılmaz, A. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1602868
“Specifically, children and adolescents with a history of psychological maltreatment alone typically exhibit equal or worse clinical outcome profiles than youth with combined physical and sexual abuse (Spinazzola et al. 2014, Hodgdon, 2019).”
Investigating the Prevalence and Interconnectivity of Child Maltreatment Types among Chinese Adolescents
Liu, J., Wang, S., Sun, Z., Wu, Z., Zheng, Z., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00979-x
The Effect of Childhood Psychological Abuse on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Exposed to Campus Suicide: The Chain Mediating Role of Psychological Trauma and Anxiety Symptoms
Tan, T., Zhao, J., Wu, M., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Zhang, L., & Wu, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111595
“Compared to physical and sexual abuse, psychological abuse is often more insidious, yet its impact on an individual’s mental health is equally profound (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Identifying Types of Childhood Maltreatment and Their Relationship to Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adulthood Using a Latent Profile Analysis
Lee, S.-E., & Song, J. (2025) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2025.46.4.57
Profiles of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Chinese Emerging Adults: Associations With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth
Nie, H., Liu, M., & Wu, X. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251396893
Characterizing the Links Between Childhood Psychological Abuse and Psychosocial Functioning in Adulthood: Support System Management Guidelines
Borzucka‐Sitkiewicz, K., Polok, G., & Mitka, M. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251396835
Clinical profiles and hospitalization patterns among abused children referred by Child Guidance Centers in Japan
Furuhashi, K. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00360-w
“Experiencing multiple types of maltreatment has also been associated with more complex and severe psychiatric outcomes in youth [6, 7].”
Pathways from parent substance misuse to child and adolescent trauma
Seay, K. D. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108724
Assessing reliability and validity of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5-Self Report in Turkish Adolescents
Ergin, D. A., & Akgül, G. (2025) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1611458
Childhood Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse as Predictors of Adult Behavioral Outcomes: Implications for Trauma-Informed Clinical Practice
Garner, D., de Carvalho, J., & Spears, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Social Work and Social Welfare Policy · doi:10.33790/jswwp1100175
Knowledge and Awareness of Reporting Obligations of Child Abuse and Neglect for Paramedics Working in Saudi Arabia
Alshibani, A. N., Alotaibi, N., Alabdali, A. A., Alharbi, M., Alghamdi, A., Almutairi, A., & Alharthy, N. (2026) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-026-00251-9
“Importantly, evidence demonstrates that emotional abuse in children can have a more profound and long-lasting impact on mental health and behavioral outcomes than physical or sexual abuse (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Prevalence and risk factors for parental use of emotional punishment: Results from a subsample of parents in a German National Representative Study
Sitarski, E., Peter, L., Haag, A., Köhler‐Dauner, F., Fegert, J. M., & Clemens, V. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107896
Investigating the association between timing of childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adult social functioning and mental health: A cross-sectional study
Ngoy, E., & McClelland, H. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100680
Interpersonal Relationships in Asian Immigrant Families Portrayed in Award-nominated Young Adult Novels by Asian Australian Authors
Mathur, P. (2026) · Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association · doi:10.1080/24750158.2026.2650896
Pathways linking childhood emotional abuse and neglect to punitive attitudes: The role of interpersonal trust and emotion regulation
Peter, L., Sitarski, E., Köhler‐Dauner, F., & Fegert, J. M. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108078
Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate studentsPreprint
Sareen, A., & Bisht, P. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1
Associations of parental physical assault and psychological aggression toward children and socioeconomic attainment in early adulthood
Zhao, L., Chen, Y. C., & Maguire‐Jack, K. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109058
Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in trauma-exposed adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury
Goreis, A., Pfeffer, B., Klinger, D., Oehlke, S., Macura, S., Kafka, J. X., Müller, N., Prillinger, K., Zesch, H. E., Kapusiz, I., et al. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107920
Childhood Emotional Maltreatment, Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy, and Suicide Risk in Chinese Adolescents: A Network Analysis and Latent Growth Modeling Approach
Wang, Z., Liu, F., Zheng, J., Lu, K., & Wang, X. (2026) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316261460473
Risk Factors for Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Cohen, J. R., & Thakur, H. (2026) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2026.05.001
Duygusal Şiddetin Yalnızlık Üzerindeki Etkisinde Dissosiyatif Yaşantıların Aracılık Rolü
ÇETİNKAYA, K., & Bayraktar, İ. E. (2026) · Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.15285/maruaebd.1839233
The relation between psychological maltreatment and internalizing problems among Chinese adolescents: A network analysis
Li, S. R., Zheng, R., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Xu, S., & Chen, J. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109147
Childhood Psychological Maltreatment as a Predictor of Diminished Life Satisfaction in Early Adulthood
Watts, J., Warwick, L., Ahmadi, A., & Echoles, T. (2026) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.70052
Misinformation in parental alienation discourse can mislead courts and endanger children
Meier, J. S. (2026) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2026.2678421
Emotion Regulation Difficulties Account for the Associations Between Childhood Maltreatment and Perceived Stress in Young Adulthood
Lapomarda, G., Frajo-Apor, B., Autengruber, G., Hofer, A., & Morawetz, C. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00946-8
Family Violence as a Barrier to the Development of Social and Emotional Intelligence in Children with Learning Disabilities: A Longitudinal Mediation Model
Chiang, C.-H. A., Huang, C., & Shen, A. C. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-026-01148-9
Emotional Processing Deficits and PTSD: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia in Childhood Maltreatment Among Veterans
Kopitsky, M., Kozlowski, G. H., Zegel, M., & Taft, C. T. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2711268
“Historically, research has prioritized sexual abuse and physical abuse, but this focus has often come at the expense of understanding emotional neglect and emotional abuse, which are more insidious but equally damaging (Spinazzola et al., 2014).”
Parental Emotional Abuse and Self-Esteem in the Cultural Context of Pakistan: An Examination Through the Lens of Attachment Theory
Shahid, M. S., Ahmed, S., Naveed, S., Mansoor, A., & Mesiya, S. H. (2026) · Qlantic journal of social sciences. · doi:10.55737/qjss.vii-ii.26518
Linking childhood emotional maltreatment to social media addiction: a network perspective on executive function and physical activity
Chen, Y., Wang, N., Yuan, A., Xiang, L., Long, S., Luo, J., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1945221
“Moreover, emotional maltreatment may have consequences that are at least as severe as, and in some cases more harmful than, those associated with other forms of abuse and neglect (6).”
Exploring adverse childhood experiences among students of tertiary care hospital of India: prevalence, impact on mental health, coping strategies and resilience
Sharma, B., Joshi, P., Javeth, A., Chakraborty, B., Devi, D. M. R., Roy, A., Basu, A., & Khandelwal, N. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109306

Authors: Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.-J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., Briggs, E. C., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C.
Affiliations: Justice Resource Institute (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of Chicago (US)
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID: Hodgdon, Hilary
Liang, Li-Jung
Layne, Christopher M.
Pynoos, Robert
Briggs, Ernestine C.
Kisiel, Cassandra
Venue: Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014
Volume: 6
Issue: Suppl 1
Pages: S18-S28
ISSN: 1942-9681 (ISSN-L)
1942-969X
DOI: 10.1037/a0037766
OpenAlex: W2123420814
Cited by: 297
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 21.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy (publishedVersion)
Funders: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (3U79SM054284-10S and 1U79SM059314-03)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Center for Mental Health Services
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, child abuse, adolescent mental health, behavioral problems, post-traumatic stress disorder, physical abuse, sexual abuse, clinic-referred children, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, child mental health policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks