Internalized racial oppression as a moderator of the relationship between experiences of racial discrimination and mental distress among Asians and Pacific Islanders
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Internalized racism is evidenced to contribute to poor physical and psychological distress for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
“Internalized racism is evidenced to contribute to poor physical [21] and psychological distress [28] for AAPIs, for example, psychological distress and social isolation [26] as well as depression and anxiety [1,29,30].”
From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Cited by
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David, E. J. R., Schroeder, T. M., & Fernandez, J. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12350 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationKeum, B. T., Wong, M. J., & Salim‐Eissa, R. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221089536 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Garcia et al. (2019) found that higher levels of internalized racial inferiority intensified the link between racism and psychological distress among adult Asian Americans.”
BackgroundJames, D. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12712 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico
Pichardo, E. J. R., Jost, J. T., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12437 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Keum, B. T., & Wong, M. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.954897 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Further, recent research shows high levels of internalized racial inferiority exacerbate the link between racial/ethnic discrimination and psychological distress among Asian American adults (36).”
BackgroundInternalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem
Sanders, S., Williams, T., Berry, A., Garcia-Aguilera, C., Robinson, K., Martin, R., & Jones, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Barrita, A. M., Chang, R., & Wong‐Padoongpatt, G. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09792-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Previous findings suggested that internalized racism influences how BIPoC’s men - tal health is linked to racial oppressive experiences (Cheng et al., 2021; Garcia et al., 2019; Wong-Padoongpatt et al., 2022b; Wong-Padoongpatt & Barrita, 2022a).”
Nie, F. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2413357 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, prior studies on US Asians have found that internalized racism may worsen the deleterious effects of external racism on health outcomes (Garcia, David, and Mapaye 2019; Liu, Liu, and Chang 2022).”
The impact of school climate in social‐normative expectations in low and high SES schools
Vaid, E., Jofen, T., Hatchimonji, D. R., DeMarchena, S. L., White, G. W., & Elias, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22898 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The impact of ethnic discrimination on chronic pain: the role of sex and depression
Simmons, A., Vásquez, A., Green, K., Christopher, M., & Colgan, D. D. (2023) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2023.2208315 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“PED has been directly linked to depression (Trost et al. 2019), psychological distress (Garcia, David, and Mapaye 2019), cardiovascular deficits (Panza et al. 2019), reduced overall health (Nicholson 2020), and pain outcomes (Brown et al. 2018).”
Shifting mediates gendered racial microaggressions and perceived racism among Asian American women
Gamst, G. C., Ma‐Kellams, C., Meyers, L. S., & Arellano‐Morales, L. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23524 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jhawar, N., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231203184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Reyes‐Portillo, J. A., Ebrahimi, C. T., Powell, A. E., & Tynes, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02381-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“There is also empirical evidence suggesting that internalized racism may influence the association between racial/ ethnic discrimination and SI in adults [49, 50] including among Asian American young adult women [51].”
Adejumo-Ayibiowu, O. D. (2023) · African Identities · doi:10.1080/14725843.2023.2250082 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Some of the evidence of internalized colonialism includes the belief in negative stereotypes about other indigenous cultural groups, adaptations to white cultural standards, and a mentality that accepts and supports white supremacy (Garcia et al., 2019).”
Macro-Economic Inequality and National Stereotypes in 45 Non-Western Countries
Gligorić, V., Jost, J. T., Mićanović, I., Tase, O., Bú, E. A. D., Arévalo-Romero, C. A., Balabanova, A., Baracaldo, P., Basáñez, T., Çakmak, H., et al. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251370424 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…members of socially deva-lued groups (e.g., women, minorities, people with disabilities) experience internalized oppression, which has been linked to serious mental health problems (e.g., David, 2013; David & Okazaki, 2006; Garcia et al., 2019; Graham et al., 2016; Nikalje & C x iftc x i, 2023).”
Fang, C. Y., Rao, A. D., Handorf, E. A., Deng, M., Cheung, P., & Tseng, M. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tanner, E., Allen, G. E. K., Young, E. L., Feinauer, E., & Ure, C. (2022) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/1017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Le, T. P., & Liu, X. (2025) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-025-10403-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining the Social and Mental Health Benefits of Ethnic Studies and DEI among BIPOCs and Whites
Garcia, G. M., & David, E. J. R. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02521-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, the literature on social support has been mixed—some studies show that social support has a buffering role in experiences of discrimination [15], but several others do not [12, 16].”
Self-citationCai, Z. (2024) · Communications in Humanities Research · doi:10.54254/2753-7064/26/20232037 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Korean fathers’ immigration experience
Jung, K.-R., & Kim, S.-H. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2302976 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, adjustment to the negative experience without trial of change may develop “internalized inferiority,” which, in turn, exacerbates the negative effect of discrimination (Garcia et al., 2019; Lee & Ahn, 2011).”
Agboh, D. (2020) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Abulencia, M. K., McLaren, C., Vahabi, M., & Wong, J. P. (2022) · Witness The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse · doi:10.25071/2291-5796.125
Sanders, S. M., Williams, T. R., Berry, A. T., Mitchell, J. M., Martin, R., & Jones, P. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c79fj
Step by step: Anti‐Asian discrimination and bystander intervention
Woo, B., & Roth, B. J. (2025) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12774 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validation of the Ethnic Identity Scale With Americans of Arab Heritage
Atari-Khan, R., Azmat, A., Elhedk, F. R., & Han, S. (2026) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000251414169
“Speci fi cally, it is possible this cluster is characterized with individuals who, due to experiences of discrimination, assimilation practices, or personality-related vulnerabilities have internalized negative messages about their ethnic identity (Garcia et al., 2019).”
Sanders, S., Inaba, L., Nguyen, E., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10790747/v1
Jost, J. T., Pichardo, E. J. R., Bertin, J. A., Armange, R., & Kerber, I. (2026) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.70013
- Authors
- Garcia, G. M., David, E. J. R., & Mapaye, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Alaska Anchorage (US)
- Venue
- Asian American Journal of Psychology
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-112
- ISSN
- 1948-1985 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-1993
- OpenAlex
- W2883721315
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Asian American Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, psychological distress, moderation, Asian Americans
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