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Fluctuations in and associations between physical and psychological distance to suicide methods, fearlessness about death, and suicidal intent
Abstract
Previous evidence has highlighted the potential roles of both physical and psychological distance to suicide methods as an important factor in conferring suicide risk; however, less is known about the temporal stability of and associations between these constructs, other facets of capability for suicide, and suicide-related outcomes. The present study examined fluctuations in and associations between physical and psychological distance to suicide methods, fearlessness about death, and suicidal intent using ecological momentary assessment. A sample of 237 adults at high risk for suicide (61.6% female, Mage = 27.12 years) responded to six prompts daily for 2 weeks assessing their physical and psychological distance to preferred suicide methods, fearlessness about death, and suicidal intent. Results indicated that physical and psychological distance to suicide methods exhibited both trait- and state-like properties, that lower physical and psychological distance and higher fearlessness about death were associated with higher concurrent suicidal intent, and that lower psychological distance was uniquely predictive of higher subsequent time-point suicidal intent, controlling for concurrent suicidal intent. Suicide attempt history and preferred suicide methods were explored as potential moderating factors. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of assessing and intervening upon psychological distance to suicide methods, in addition to physical proximity to these methods, in lethal means counseling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Knowledge and availability of lethal means appear to be relevant risk factors for suicidal behavior.
“Knowledge and availability of lethal means appear to be relevant risk factors for suicidal behavior (59, 60)”
From Ambivalence model of suicidality [ABS-model]: an orientation model for the treatment of suicidal individuals (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
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Jobes, D. A., Mandel, A. A., Kleiman, E. M., Bryan, C. J., Johnson, S. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2299259 · Cited by 56
“A measure of this construct has shown construct and discriminant validity across studies (Rogers et al., 2022).”
Self-citationBloch-elkouby, S., Zilcha-Mano, S., Rogers, M. L., Park, J. Y., Manlongat, K., Krumerman, M., & Galynker, I. (2022) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13511 · Cited by 22
Self-citationRogers, M. L., Bloch‐Elkouby, S., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114522 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBayliss, L. T., Hughes, C. D., Lamont‐Mills, A., & du Plessis, C. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13025 · Cited by 12
Bryan, C. J., Daruwala, S. E., Tabares, J. V., Butner, J., Coccaro, E. F., & Gorka, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102764 · Cited by 11
Suicidal Behavior and Social Cognition: The Role of Hypomentalizing and Fearlessness About Death
Andreo-Jover, J., Fernández-Jiménez, E., Bobes, J., Cebrià, A. I., Crespo‐Facorro, B., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Díaz‐Marsá, M., García-Ramos, A., Grande, I., González-Pinto, A. M., et al. (2024) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2024.82 · Cited by 9
“FAD has been associated with suicidal ideation ( Marie et al., 2020 ; Ribeiro, Silva, et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2022 ) and with high SA lethality in adolescents ( Krantz et al., 2022 ).”
Teismann, T., Britton, P. C., & Forkmann, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1449565 · Cited by 9
Rogers, M. L., Law, K. C., Lawrence, O. C., & Mandel, A. A. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104524 · Cited by 10
Self-citationRogers, M. L., Gallyer, A. J., Dougherty, S. P., Gorday, J. Y., Nelson, J. A., Teasdale, O. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23283 · Cited by 7
Self-citationA Real-Time Evaluation of Within-Person and Between-Person Risk for Suicidal Behaviors
Rogers, M. L. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00174-0 · Cited by 8
“Third, both physical and psychological accessibility of lethal means increased the likelihood of engaging in suicidal behavior, consistent with theoretical (Klonsky & May, 2015; Van Orden et al., 2010) and empirical (Betz et al., 2022; Rogers et al., 2022a; Yip et al., 2012) evidence.”
InfluentialSelf-citationTeismann, T., & Forkmann, T. (2024) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000540043 · Cited by 7
“Sicht-barkeit von Tötungsmitteln scheint ein Risikofaktor für Selbsttötungen zu sein [Dempsey et al., 2019; Rogers et al., 2022].”
Exploring the impact of child maltreatment on adult suicidal ideation and suicide attempts
Serebriakova, J., Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Paashaus, L., Schreiber, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., & Glaesmer, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.019 · Cited by 6
The narrative crisis model of suicide as a framework for suicide prevention
Rogers, M. L., Bloch‐Elkouby, S., Goncearenco, I., Cohen, L. J., Nemeroff, C. B., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100130 · Cited by 7
Self-citationBryan, C. J., Tabares, J. V., Butner, J., Daruwala, S. E., Bozzay, M. L., & Gorka, S. M. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2024.2420983 · Cited by 4
“…with research showing that proximity to any specific suicide method, not just firearms, is correlated with significantly increased suicidal intent (Rogers et al., 2019, 2022), a dimension of suicidal thinking that has been shown to predict later suicidal behavior (Harriss & Hawton, 2005; Nim �…”
Clary, K. L., Murley, W. D., Ortiz, R., & Rogers, M. L. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13075 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMitchell, S. M., Marvin, C., Mitaj, D., & Rogers, M. L. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13111 · Cited by 4
Self-citationRogers, M. L., Reinbergs, E. J., & Murley, W. D. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.01.021 · Cited by 3
Self-citationRobison, M., Campione, M. T., Joiner, T. E., Gallyer, A. J., & Rogers, M. L. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251359456 · Cited by 3
“…convergent validity, we predicted that MCSS factors would strongly correlate with constructs intimately tied to suicidal ideation—such as suicide-specific rumination (Rogers et al., 2022), fear (Arrindell et al., 1984), pain sensitivity (Decruynaere, 2007), and suicidality (Joiner et al., 2002).”
InfluentialSelf-citationZhu, J., Pan, H., Zhou, J., Gao, Y., Xie, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Shen, M., & Niu, L. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117310 · Cited by 1
Robison, M., Schneider, M. P., Wissemann, K., Meynadasy, M. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00190-0 · Cited by 1
“Past work has shown that this single-item measure of suicide intent is significantly related to neighboring components of suicide risk (i.e., suicidal ideation, suicide rumination, fearlessness about death, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness (Rogers et al., 2021, 2022)).”
Self-citationSuicide Plans Involving a Firearm and Levels of Suicidal Intent Among Firefighters
Robison, M., Rice, T. B., Hom, M. A., Chu, C., Anestis, M. D., Joiner, T. E., & Stanley, I. H. (2025) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000994 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSolidaridad y experiencias juveniles
Vasquez, A. (2009) · Monitor educador
Rasmussen, S. A., Kaufman, E. A., Kaniuka, A. R., Meddaoui, B., Miller, R. H., Kinnard, R., Stage, D. L., & Cramer, R. J. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2452465
“The clear impact of fear/ ambivalence in inflection points fits more broadly with recent research examining fearlessness of and anxiety about death applied to self-injury and suicide risk as well (e.g., Rogers et al., 2022; Sims et al., 2024).”
Examining Suicidal Ideation and Capability Across the Menstrual Cycle
Law, K. C., O’Connell, K. L., Barone, J., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2026) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.70084
Testing within-person correlates of daily fearlessness about death in young adults
Sherifi, E., Dixon, A., Filion, A., & Stewart, J. G. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122002
State of the Science in Practice: Interventions Based on the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Udupa, N. S., Edenbaum, E. R., Prostko, S., Campione, M. T., Robison, M., Rice, T. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2026) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2026.06.003
Self-citationLamont‐Mills, A., Briggs, A., Bayliss, L. T., Parsons-Smith, R. L., Christensen, S. A., & Terry, P. C. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16091507
“Further, given that mood fluctuates (Mirchi et al., 2019) and there is growing recognition of fluctuations in STBs (Bryan et al., 2017; Rogers et al., 2022), the role that mood variability may play in suicide-related online use warrants further examination.”
Suicidology’s Faulty Paradigm: Suicide Overrides Superordinate Impetus for Survival (“SOSIS”)
Soper, C. A. (2026) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-026-00469-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Rogers, M. L., Gai, A. R., & Joiner, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Texas State University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 868-880
- ISSN
- 2769-7541 (ISSN-L)
- 2769-755X
- OpenAlex
- W4308104477
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs (W81XWH-16-20003; W81XWH-16-2-0004)
- American Psychological Association
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- suicide risk, fearlessness about death, suicidal intent, suicide attempt history, temporal stability, high-risk adults
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Distance, Suicide, Attempted, Violence, Suicidal Ideation
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