Effect of continuous and partial reinforcement on the acquisition and extinction of human conditioned fear

Grady, Ashley K.; Bowen, Kenton H.; Hyde, Andrew T.; Totsch, Stacie K.; Knight, David C.

doi:10.1037/bne0000121

Cited by 70Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Effect of continuous and partial reinforcement on the acquisition and extinction of human conditioned fear

Grady, Ashley K., Bowen, Kenton H., Hyde, Andrew T., Totsch, Stacie K., Knight, David C.·2016·Behavioral Neuroscience

DOI 10.1037/bne0000121

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Abstract

Extinction of Pavlovian conditioned fear in humans is a popular paradigm often used to study learning and memory processes that mediate anxiety-related disorders. Fear extinction studies often only pair the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) on a subset of acquisition trials (i.e., partial reinforcement/pairing) to prolong extinction (i.e., partial reinforcement extinction effect; PREE) and provide more time to study the process. However, there is limited evidence that the partial pairing procedures typically used during fear conditioning actually extend the extinction process, while there is strong evidence these procedures weaken conditioned response (CR) acquisition. Therefore, determining conditioning procedures that support strong CR acquisition and that also prolong the extinction process would benefit the field. The present study investigated 4 separate CS-UCS pairing procedures to determine methods that support strong conditioning and that also exhibit a PREE. One group (C-C) of participants received continuous CS-UCS pairings; a second group (C-P) received continuous followed by partial CS-UCS pairings; a third group (P-C) received partial followed by continuous CS-UCS pairings; and a fourth group (P-P) received partial CS-UCS pairings during acquisition. A strong skin conductance CR was expressed by C-C and P-C groups but not by C-P and P-P groups at the end of the acquisition phase. The P-C group maintained the CR during extinction. In contrast, the CR extinguished quickly within the C-C group. These findings suggest that partial followed by continuous CS-UCS pairings elicit strong CRs and prolong the extinction process following human fear conditioning.

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The time it takes participants to learn that a contingency change has occurred may differ depending on the reinforcement rate used during the prior acquisition phase.
“However, the time it takes participants to learn that a contingency change has occurred may differ depending on the reinforcement rate used during the prior acquisition phase (78,79).”
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Authors: Grady, A. K., Bowen, K. H., Hyde, A. T., Totsch, S. K., & Knight, D. C.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
ORCID: Totsch, Stacie K.
Knight, David C.
Venue: Behavioral Neuroscience
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016
Volume: 130
Issue: 1
Pages: 36-43
ISSN: 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
1939-0084
DOI: 10.1037/bne0000121
OpenAlex: W2417828356
Cited by: 70
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 2.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: fear extinction, partial reinforcement extinction effect, conditioned response acquisition, skin conductance, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reinforcement, Psychology, Time Factors, Young Adult

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Effect of continuous and partial reinforcement on the acquisition and extinction of human conditioned fear

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