Cited by 115Face Recognition and PerceptionVisual perception and processing mechanismsVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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Are visual threats prioritized without awareness? A critical review and meta-analysis involving 3 behavioral paradigms and 2696 observers

Hedger, Nicholas, Gray, Katie L. H., Garner, Matthew, Adams, Wendy J.·2016·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000054

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Abstract

Given capacity limits, only a subset of stimuli give rise to a conscious percept. Neurocognitive models suggest that humans have evolved mechanisms that operate without awareness and prioritize threatening stimuli over neutral stimuli in subsequent perception. In this meta-analysis, we review evidence for this 'standard hypothesis' emanating from 3 widely used, but rather different experimental paradigms that have been used to manipulate awareness. We found a small pooled threat-bias effect in the masked visual probe paradigm, a medium effect in the binocular rivalry paradigm and highly inconsistent effects in the breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm. Substantial heterogeneity was explained by the stimulus type: the only threat stimuli that were robustly prioritized across all 3 paradigms were fearful faces. Meta regression revealed that anxiety may modulate threat-biases, but only under specific presentation conditions. We also found that insufficiently rigorous awareness measures, inadequate control of response biases and low level confounds may undermine claims of genuine unconscious threat processing. Considering the data together, we suggest that uncritical acceptance of the standard hypothesis is premature: current behavioral evidence for threat-sensitive visual processing that operates without awareness is weak. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Gambarota, F., Tsuchiya, N., Pastore, M., Polito, N. D., & Sessa, P. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gt67h · Cited by 1
Peer Review #2 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.1)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.1/reviews/2
Peer Review #3 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.2)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.2/reviews/3
Peer Review #3 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.3)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.3/reviews/3
Peer Review #1 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.1)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.1/reviews/1
Peer Review #3 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.1)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.1/reviews/3
Peer Review #2 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.2)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.2/reviews/2
Peer Review #1 of "Associations with monetary values do not influence access to awareness for faces (v0.2)"
(2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7287/peerj.10875v0.2/reviews/1
Quantitative Meta-Analyses: A Review of Current Practice
Park, S.-Y. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1436798

Authors: Hedger, N., Gray, K. L. H., Garner, M., & Adams, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Southampton (GB)
University of Reading (GB)
ORCID: Hedger, Nicholas
Gray, Katie L. H.
Garner, Matthew
Adams, Wendy J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016
Volume: 142
Issue: 9
Pages: 934-968
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000054
OpenAlex: W2279597820
Cited by: 115
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 6.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: threat bias, unconscious processes, visual awareness, binocular rivalry, continuous flash suppression, fearful faces, anxiety, response bias, meta-regression
MeSH terms: Facial Recognition, Anxiety, Awareness, Facial Expression, Fear, Humans, Unconscious, Psychology, Visual Perception, Bias

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Are visual threats prioritized without awareness? A critical review and meta-analysis involving 3 behavioral paradigms and 2696 observers

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