CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 85Career Development and DiversityPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

How accurate are interest inventories? A quantitative review of career choice hit rates.

Open access
Hanna, Alexis, Rounds, James·2020·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/bul0000269
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Vocational interests have a rich history throughout the last century of psychological research, playing an influential role in fields such as personality, development, education, counseling, and organizational psychology. Yet interest measures are typically developed with the goal of matching people to careers, and there has never been a quantitative review of interests and career choice. The present meta-analysis examines the validity of interest inventories for predicting educational choices and occupational membership. This analysis of predictive hit rates incorporates almost 100 years of research investigating the accuracy of interest inventories. Using a binomial-normal meta-analytic model, the present analysis found that measured interests attain an estimated overall hit rate of 50.8% for predicting career choice. Because of the vast amount of career choice possibilities, this effect size conveys a significant degree of predictive accuracy. We also tested several potential moderators to address historical debates surrounding interest measurement. In particular, accuracy was moderated by year of publication, interest inventory, type of interest inventory scale, type of career choice outcome, and hit rate calculation method. Finally, the present study reintroduces base rates into the evaluation of predictive accuracy. We demonstrate the importance of taking base rates into account by comparing interest category hit rates and employment rates within those categories. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that interest inventories possess considerable validity for predicting career choice, supporting their use in research, education, and work contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000269

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The German O*NET IP proves useful to predict individuals' career choice, and it does so similarly well as many other interest inventories.

    “O*NET IP proves useful to predict individuals' career choice, and it does so similarly well as many other interest inventories (Hanna & Rounds, 2020).”

    From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Hanna & Rounds, 2020

    The Objective One section reports that interest inventories predict career choice with an overall accuracy of 50.3%, supporting their general usefulness. The inventory moderator results report varying hit rates across inventories, but our copy provides no result for the German O*NET IP or comparison showing that it performs similarly to other inventories. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Separated per domain, hit rates ranged between 17% and 69%, largely falling into the meta-analytic provided hit rate confidence interval.

    “Separated per domain, hit rates ranged between 17% and 69%, largely falling into the meta-analytic provided hit rate confidence interval (Hanna & Rounds, 2020).”

    From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Hanna & Rounds, 2020

    The paper reports meta-analytic hit rates with confidence intervals in its hit-calculation results (Chapter 5: Conclusion), so it supports the reference to a meta-analytic interval. Its Interest categories and base rates section does not report domain hit rates spanning 17%–69%, however, or establish that those rates largely fall within that interval; the roughly 17% figure in the paper is a chance base rate, not a domain hit rate. (LLM, conf=0.80)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • More specific, so-called basic interests were shown to yield more precise predictions than RIASEC domain scores.

    “More specific, so-called basic interests were shown to yield more precise predictions than RIASEC domain scores (Hanna & Rounds, 2020;Ones & Viswesvaran, 1996;Ralston et al., 2004).”

    From The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form (2023) · cites this paper as Hanna & Rounds, 2020

  • Vocational interests are strong predictors of career choice.

    “Metaanalyses have demonstrated that vocational interests are strong predictors of career choice (Hanna & Rounds, 2020)”

    From Interest Fit Beyond the RIASEC: The Comprehensive Assessment of Basic Interests—O*NET (CABIN-NET) (2026) · cites this paper as Hanna & Rounds, 2020

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 145

  1. Bartling, H. C., & Hood, A. B. (1981). An 11-year follow-up of measured interest and vocational choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(1), 27.
  2. Berdie, R. F. (1965). Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores of high school seniors and their later occupational entry: II. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(3), 188.
  3. Betz, N. E. (1987). Use of discriminant analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 393.
  4. Betz, N. E., & Taylor, K. M. (1982). Concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for graduate students in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(6), 626.
  5. Betz, N. E., & Wolfe, L. K. (1981). Comparison of the utility of two approaches to sex- balanced interest scales for college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19(1), 61- 77.
  6. Bokhari, E., & Hubert, L. (2015). A new condition for assessing the clinical efficiency of a diagnostic test. Psychological assessment, 27(3), 745.
  7. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta- analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  8. Borenstein, M., Higgins, J. P., Hedges, L. V., & Rothstein, H. R. (2017). Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research synthesis methods, 8(1), 5-18.
  9. Borgen, F. H. (1972). Predicting career choices of able college men from Occupational and Basic Interest scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(3), 202.
  10. Borgen, F. H., & Harper, G. T. (1973). Predictive validity of measured vocational interests with black and white college men. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 6(1), 19-27.
  11. Borgen, F. H., & Helms, J. E. (1975). Validity generalization of the men's form of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank with academically able women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(3), 210.
  12. Borgen, F. H., & Seling, M. J. (1978). Expressed and inventoried interests revisited: Perspicacity in the person. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(6), 536.
  13. Brandt, J. E., & Hood, A. B. (1968). Effect of personality adjustment on the predictive validity of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15(6), 547.
  14. Burisch, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39(3), 214.
  15. Burns, S. T. (2014a). Gender Differences in the Validity of Career Interest Inventories. Psychology, 5(08), 785.
  16. Burns, S. T. (2014b). Validity of person matching in vocational interest inventories. The Career Development Quarterly, 62(2), 114-127.
  17. Cairo, P. C. (1982). Measured interests versus expressed interests as predictors of long-term occupational membership. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 20(3), 343-353.
  18. Campbell, D. P. (1966). Occupations ten years later of high school seniors with high scores on the SVIB life insurance salesman scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50(5), 369.
  19. Campbell, D. P. (1971). Handbook for the strong vocational interest blank. Stanford University Press.
  20. Carter, H. D., Von Taylor, K. F., & Canning, L. B. (1941). Vocational choices and interest test scores of high school students. The Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 297-306.
  21. Clark, K. E. (1961). Vocational interests of nonprofessional men. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  22. Cooley, W. W. (1967). Interactions among interests, abilities, and career plans. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(5p2), 1.
  23. Crites, J.O. (1984). Instruments for assessing career development. In N.C. Gysbers (Ed.), Designing careers (pp. 248-274). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  24. DeCeanne, A., Lewis, P., & Rounds, J. (2017). A RIASEC Snapshot of the Modern U.S. Workforce. Poster presentation at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.
  25. Dik, B. J., & Hansen, J. I. C. (2004). Development and validation of discriminant functions for the Strong Interest Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 182-197.
  26. Dolliver, R. H. (1975). Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(3), 199.
  27. Dolliver, R. H., Irvin, J. A., & Bigley, S. S. (1972). Twelve-year follow-up of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(3), 212.
  28. Dolliver, R. H., & Will, J. A. (1977). Ten-year follow-up of the Tyler Vocational Card Sort and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24(1), 48.
  29. Dolliver, R. H., & Worthington, E. L. (1981). Concurrent validity of other-sex and same-sex twin Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory occupational scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(2), 126.
  30. Donnay, D. A., & Borgen, F. H. (1996). Validity, structure, and content of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(3), 275.
  31. Donnay, D. A., & Borgen, F. H. (1999). The incremental validity of vocational self-efficacy: An examination of interest, self-efficacy, and occupation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(4), 432.
  32. Donnay, D. A., Morris, M. L., Schaubhut, N. A., & Thompson, R. C. (2004). Strong: Interest Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press Incorporated.
  33. Doty, M. S., & Betz, N. E. (1979). Comparison of the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for men and women in an enterprising occupation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 15(2), 207-216.
  34. Dyer, D. T. (1939). The relation between vocational interests of men in college and their subsequent occupational histories for ten years. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(2), 280.
  35. Erickson, M. L. (1986). Concurrent validity of the Strong-Campbell interest inventory for Seventh-day Adventist seminarians and ministers. (Doctoral dissertation, Andrews University).
  36. Fouad, N. A. (1999). Validity evidence for interest inventories. In M. L. Savickas & A. R. Spokane (Eds.), Vocational interests: Meaning, measurement, and counseling use (pp. 193-209). Palo Alto, CA, US: Davies-Black Publishing.
  37. Fouad, N. A., & Hansen, J. I. C. (1987). Cross-cultural predictive accuracy of the Strong- Campbell Interest Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 20(1), 3-10.
  38. Gade, E. M., & Soliah, D. (1975). Vocational Preference Inventory high point codes versus expressed choices as predictors of college major and career entry. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(2), 117.
  39. Gasser, C. E., Larson, L. M., & Borgen, F. H. (2007). Concurrent validity of the 2005 Strong Interest Inventory: An examination of gender and major field of study. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(1), 23-43.
  40. Geist, H. (1959). The Geist picture interest inventory: General form: Male. Psychological Reports, 5(2), 413-438.
  41. Glavin, K. W., Richard, G. V., & Porfeli, E. J. (2009). Predictive validity of the medical specialty preference inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(1), 128-133.
  42. Glavin, K. W., & Savickas, M. L. (2011). Interpreting Self-Directed Search profiles: Validity of the "Rule of Eight". Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 414-418.
  43. Gottfredson, G. D., & Holland, J. L. (1975). Vocational choices of men and women: A comparison of predictors from the Self-Directed Search. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(1), 28.
  44. Gough, H. G. (1975). Strong Vocational Interest Blank profiles of women in law, mathematics, medicine, and psychology. Psychological Reports, 37(1), 127-134.
  45. Hansen, J. I. C., & Dik, B. J. (2005). Evidence of 12-year predictive and concurrent validity for SII Occupational Scale scores. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 365-378.
  46. Hansen, J. I. C., & Lee, W. V. (2007). Evidence of concurrent validity of SII scores for Asian American college students. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(1), 44-54.
  47. Hansen, J. I. C., & Leuty, M. E. (2007). Evidence of validity for the Skill scale scores of the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 23-44.
  48. Hansen, J. I. C., & Neuman, J. L. (1999). Evidence of concurrent prediction of the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey (CISS) for college major selection. Journal of Career Assessment, 7(3), 239-247.
  49. Hansen, J. I. C., & Sackett, S. A. (1993). Agreement between college major and vocational interests for female athlete and non-athlete college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43(3), 298-309.
  50. Hansen, J. I. C., & Swanson, J. L. (1983). Stability of interests and the predictive and concurrent validity of the 1981 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college majors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(2), 194.
  51. Hansen, J. I. C., & Tan, R. N. (1992). Concurrent validity of the 1985 Strong Interest Inventory for college major selection. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 25(2), 53-57.
  52. Hanson, G. R., Noeth, R. J., & Prediger, D. J. (1977). Validity of diverse procedures for reporting interest scores: An analysis of longitudinal data. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24(6), 487.
  53. Harmon, L. W. (1969). Predictive power over ten years of measured social service and scientific interests among college women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(3p1), 193.
  54. Harmon, L. W., DeWitt, D. W., Campbell, D. P., & Hansen, J. I. C. (1994). Strong interest inventory: Applications and technical guide: form T317 of the Strong vocational interest blanks. Stanford University Press.
  55. Harrington, T. F. (2006). A 20-year follow-up of the Harrington-O'Shea career decision- making system. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38(4), 198-202.
  56. Haviland, M. G., & Hansen, J. I. C. (1987). Criterion validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for American Indian college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 19(4), 196-201.
  57. Henry, P., & Bardo, H. R. (1987). Expressed occupational choice of nontraditional premedical students as measured by the Self-Directed Search: An investigation of Holland's theory. Psychological Reports, 60(2), 575-581.
  58. Hoff, K. A., Briley, D. A., Wee, C. J., & Rounds, J. (2018). Normative changes in interests from adolescence to adulthood: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 144(4), 426.
  59. Holcomb, W. R., & Anderson, W. P. (1978). Expressed and inventoried vocational interests as predictors of college graduation and vocational choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 12(3), 290-296.
  60. Holland, J. L. (1959). A theory of vocational choice. Journal of counseling psychology, 6(1), 35.
  61. Holland, J. L. (1962). Some explorations of a theory of vocational choice: I. One-and two-year longitudinal studies. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 76(26), 1.
  62. Holland, J. L. (1963). Explorations of a theory of vocational choice and achievement: II. A four-year prediction study. Psychological Reports, 12(2), 547-594.
  63. Holland, J. L. (1968). Explorations of a theory of vocational choice: VI. A longitudinal study using a sample of typical college students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(1p2), 1.
  64. Holland, J. L. (1972). Professional manual for the Self Directed Search: A guide to educational and vocational planning. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  65. Holland, J. L. (1973). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers (Vol. 37). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  66. Holland, J. L. (1985). Vocational preference inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  67. Holland, J. L., Gottfredson, G. D., & Baker, H. G. (1990). Validity of vocational aspirations and interest inventories: Extended, replicated, and reinterpreted. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(3), 337.
  68. Holland, J. L., & Lutz, S. W. (1968). The predictive value of a student's choice of vocation. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 46(5), 428-434.
  69. Hollifield, J. H. (1974). An examination of the validity of the Self-Directed Search for writers. Measurement & Evaluation in Guidance, 6(4), 247.
  70. Holmes, T. A. (1996). An evaluation of the concurrent validity of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory with African American college students (Doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University).
  71. Hughes Jr., H. M. (1972). Vocational choice, level, and consistency: An investigation of Holland's theory on an employed sample. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2(4), 377-388.
  72. Knapp, R. R., Knapp, L., & Knapp-Lee, L. (1985). Occupational interest measurement and subsequent career decisions: A predictive follow-up study of the COPSystem Interest Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(3), 348.
  73. Knapp, R. R., Knapp, L., & Michael, W. B. (1979). The relationship of clustered interest measures and declared college major: Concurrent validity of the COPSystem Interest Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 39(4), 939-945.
  74. Kriedt, P. H. (1949). Vocational interests of psychologists. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33(5), 482.
  75. Kunce, J. T., Dolliver, R. H., & Irvin, J. A. (1972). Perspectives on interpreting the validity of the SVIB-M. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 21(1), 36-42.
  76. Laing, J., Lamb, R. R., & Prediger, D. J. (1982). An application of Strong's validity criteria to basic interest scales. Journal of Vocational behavior, 20(2), 203-214.
  77. Lamb, R. R., & Prediger, D. J. (1979). Criterion-related validity of sex-restrictive and unisex interest scales: A comparison. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 15(2), 231-246.
  78. Larson, L. M., Wu, T. F., Bailey, D. C., Borgen, F. H., & Gasser, C. E. (2010). Male and female college students' college majors: The contribution of basic vocational confidence and interests. Journal of Career Assessment, 18(1), 16-33.
  79. Latona, J. R., Harmon, L. W., & Hastings, C. N. (1987). Criterion-related validity of the UNIACT with special emphasis on the World of Work Map. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(1), 49-60.
  80. Lattimore, R. R., & Borgen, F. H. (1999). Validity of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory with racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(2), 185.
  81. Lau, A. W., & Abrahams, N. M. (1972). Predictive validity of vocational interests within nonprofessional occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56(2), 181.
  82. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage Publications, Inc.
  83. Low, K. D., Yoon, M., Roberts, B. W., & Rounds, J. (2005). The stability of vocational interests from early adolescence to middle adulthood: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 131(5), 713.
  84. McArthur, C. (1954). Long-term validity of the Strong Interest Test in two subcultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(5), 346.
  85. McArthur, C. (1955). Predictive power of pattern analysis and of job scale analysis of the Strong. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2(3), 205.
  86. McGowan, A. S. (1982). The predictive efficiency of Holland's SDS summary codes in terms of career choice: A four-year follow-up. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 20(3), 294-303.
  87. Meehl, P. E., & Rosen, A. (1955). Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological bulletin, 52(3), 194.
  88. Millman, S. J. (1997). Validation of the Career Type Inventory among high school students. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College).
  89. Morris, M. L. (2016). Vocational interests in the United States: Sex, age, ethnicity, and year effects. Journal of counseling psychology, 63(5), 604.
  90. Mount, M. K., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1978). Concurrent validation of Holland's hexagonal model with occupational workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13(3), 348-354.
  91. Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., & Drasgow, F. (2012). Vocational interests and performance: A quantitative summary of over 60 years of research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 384-403.
  92. Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., & Drasgow, F. (2017). Interest congruence and performance: Revisiting recent meta-analytic findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 138-151.
  93. Olsen, L. L. (1996). Concurrent validity of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory: a comparison of criterion groups by gender. (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University).
  94. O'Neil, J. M., & Magoon, T. M. (1977). The predictive power of Holland's Investigative personality type and consistency levels using the Self Directed Search. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 10(1), 39-46.
  95. O'Neil, J. M., Magoon, T. M., & Tracey, T. J. (1978). Status of Holland's Investigative personality types and their consistency levels seven years later. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(6), 530.
  96. O'Shea, A. J., & Harrington, T. F. (1971). Using the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Form DD, with the same clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18(1), 44.
  97. Osipow, S. H., & Ashby, J. D. (1968). Vocational Preference Inventory high point codes and educational preferences. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 47(2), 126-129.
  98. Perry, D. K., & Cannon, W. M. (1967). Vocational interests of computer programmers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(1), 28.
  99. Perry, D. K., & Cannon, W. M. (1968). Vocational interests of female computer programmers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(1p1), 31.
  100. Porfeli, E. J., Richard, G. V., & Savickas, M. L. (2010). Development of specialization scales for the MSPI: A comparison of empirical and inductive strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 227-237.
  101. Prediger, D. J. (1998). Is interest profile level relevant to career counseling?. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(2), 204.
  102. Prediger, D. J., & Brandt, W. E. (1991). Project CHOICE: Validity of interest and ability measures for student choice of vocational program. The Career Development Quarterly, 40(2), 132-144.
  103. Prediger, D. J., & Hanson, G. R. (1977). Some consequences of using raw-score reports of vocational interests. Journal of Educational Measurement, 14(4), 323-333.
  104. Prediger, D. J., & Lamb, R. R. (1979). The validity of sex-balanced and sex-restrictive vocational interest reports: A comparison. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 28(1), 16-24.
  105. Prediger, D. J., & Lamb, R. R. (1981). Four-year validity of Holland types for college-bound males and females. Journal of College Student Personnel, 22(2), 133-40.
  106. Pulver, C. A., & Kelly, K. R. (2008). Incremental validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in predicting academic major selection of undecided university students. Journal of Career Assessment, 16(4), 441-455.
  107. Rose, H. A., & Elton, C. F. (1970). Ask him or test him?. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 19(1), 28-32.
  108. Rounds, J., & Su, R. (2014). The nature and power of interests. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 98-103.
  109. Saladin, S. A. (1996). Concurrent validation of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory and the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho).
  110. Salomone, P. R., & Slaney, R. B. (1978). The applicability of Holland's theory to nonprofessional workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13(1), 63-74.
  111. Savickas, M. L., Brizzi, J. S., Brisbin, L. A., & Pethtel, L. L. (1988). Predictive validity of two medical specialty preference inventories. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 21(3), 106-112.
  112. Schmidt, F. L. (1974). Probability and utility assumptions underlying use of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(4), 456.
  113. Silver, H. A., & Barnette Jr, W. L. (1970). Predictive and concurrent validity of the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory for vocational high school boys. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(5), 436.
  114. Slaney, R. B. (1978). Expressed and inventoried vocational interests: A comparison of instruments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(6), 520.
  115. Slaney, R. B., & Slaney, F. M. (1986). Relationship of expressed and inventoried vocational interests of female career counseling clients. The Career Development Quarterly, 35(1), 24-33.
  116. Spokane, A. R. (1979). Occupational preference and the validity of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory for college men and women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 26(4), 312.
  117. Spokane, A. R. (1979). Validity of the Holland categories for college women and men. Journal of College Student Personnel, 20(4), 335-340.
  118. Stahmann, R. F. (1969). Predicting graduation major field from freshman entrance data. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 16(2p1), 109.
  119. Stijnen, T., Hamza, T. H., & Özdemir, P. (2010). Random effects meta-analysis of event outcome in the framework of the generalized linear mixed model with applications in sparse data. Statistics in medicine, 29(29), 3046-3067.
  120. Strong Jr, E. K. (1927). Vocational guidance of executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 11(5), 331.
  121. Strong Jr, E. K. (1943). Vocational interests of men and women. Stanford University Press.
  122. Strong Jr., E. K. (1955). Vocational interests 18 years after college. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
  123. Strong, E. K. (1981). Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Stanford University Press.
  124. Su, R. (2012). The power of vocational interests and interest congruence in predicting career success (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).
  125. Su, R. (2018). The Three Faces of Interests: An Integrative Review of Interest Research in Vocational, Organizational, and Educational Psychology. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.016. · DOI
  126. Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Men and things, women and people: a meta- analysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological bulletin, 135(6), 859.
  127. Sullivan, B. A., & Hansen, J. I. C. (2004). Evidence of construct validity of the interest scales on the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(2), 179-202.
  128. Swaney, K. B., Lamb, R., Prediger, D., & American College Testing Program. (1995). Technical manual: Revised unisex edition of the ACT Interest Inventory (UNIACT). ACT.
  129. Tan, R. N. (1999). Factors influencing the career aspirations of Asian American students. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota).
  130. Tapp, R. R. L. (2001). Structure and validity of vocational interest scales with US racial and ethnic groups: exploring the interests beyond RIASEC. (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University).
  131. Touchton, J. G., & Magoon, T. M. (1977). Occupational daydreams as predictors of vocational plans of college women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 10(2), 156-166.
  132. Trimble, J. T. (1966). A ten-year longitudinal follow-up study of inventoried interests of selected high school students. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia).
  133. Van Iddekinge, C. H., Roth, P. L., Putka, D. J., & Lanivich, S. E. (2011). Are you interested? A meta-analysis of relations between vocational interests and employee performance and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1167.
  134. Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1-48. URL: http://www.jstatsoft.org/v36/i03/ *
  135. Weingarten, K. P. (1953). The measurement of interests in nonprofessional vocations by means of a pictorial inventory. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California).
  136. Werner, W. E. (1970). A study of Holland's theory of vocational choice as it applies to vocational high school students. (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo).
  137. Whitton, M. C. (1975). Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong- Campbell Interest Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(3), 204.
  138. Wiggins, J. D., & Weslander, D. (1977). Expressed vocational choices and later employment compared with Vocational Preference Inventory and Kuder Preference Record- Vocational scores. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 11(2), 158-165.
  139. Williams, C. M. (1972). Occupational choice of male graduate students as related to values and personality: A test of Holland's theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2(1), 39-46.
  140. Worthington, E. L., & Dolliver, R. H. (1977). Validity studies of the Strong Vocational Interest nventories. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24(3), 208.
  141. Zimny, G. H. (1980). Predictive validity of the medical specialty preference inventory. Medical Education, 14(6), 414-418.
  142. Zytowski, D. G. (1972). A concurrent test of accuracy-of-classification for the Strong Vocational Interest and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2(3), 245-250.
  143. Zytowski, D. G. (1974). Predictive validity of the Kuder Preference Record, Form B, over a 25- year span. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 7(2), 122-129.
  144. Zytowski, D. G. (1976). Predictive validity of the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey: A 12-to 19-year follow-up. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23(3), 221.
  145. Zytowski, D. G., & Laing, J. (1978). Validity of other-gender-normed scales on the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(3), 205.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hanna, A., & Rounds, J.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2020-09
Volume
146
Issue
9
Pages
765-796
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/bul0000269
OpenAlex
W2921513365
Cited by
85
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2
FWCI
13.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
interest inventories, career interest, career choice prediction, predictive validity, hit rate, base rates, educational choice, interest measurement
MeSH terms
Career Choice, Employment, Humans, Motivation, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review