Cited by 103Telemedicine and Telehealth ImplementationPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsDigital Mental Health Interventions

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The efficacy of synchronous teletherapy versus in-person therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

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Lin, Tao, Heckman, Timothy G., Anderson, Timothy·2022·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1037/cps0000056

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Background
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“43 Compared to in-person services, virtual services offer several advantages: they are more convenient, less costly, and more accessible to a wider range of people.”
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Flores-Plata, L. A., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., Díaz-Sosa, D., Esquivel-Santoveña, E., Torrija, C. S. T., García-Flores, R., Ruaro, A. L., Berra-Ruiz, E., Silvestre-Ramírez, R., Flores-Elvira, A. I., et al. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00589-w
Seeking Late Night Life Lines: Experiences of Conversational AI Use in Mental Health Crisis
Ajmani, L., Ghosh, A., Kaveladze, B. T., Kim, E., Namuduri, K., Nguyen, T., Okoli, E., Schleider, J. L., Ford, D., & Suh, J. (2026) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3805689.3812256 · Cited by 6
A Socially Distanced Case Study: Implementing the Unified Protocol-Adolescent in the Treatment of Comorbid Depression and Anxiety via Telehealth
Martin, M., Bolden, J., & Walton, J. (2022) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501221099651 · Cited by 2
“While new evidence begins to surface regarding the efficacy of telehealth therapy in comparison to in-person therapy, this case study is an additional example of the utility of telehealth therapy (Lin et al., 2021).”
Background
The code less traveled: The transition to teletherapy
Stutts, L. A. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100142 · Cited by 1
Necessity is the mother of invention: Experiences of Israeli women child psychotherapists inexperienced in online therapy regarding the therapeutic space during COVID-19
Cohen, S. T., & Gindi, S. (2023) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2023.2274607 · Cited by 1
“…literature often discusses the experiences of clients or the effectiveness of online therapy (Florean, Dobrean, Păsărelu, Georgescu, & Milea, 2020; Lin, Heckman, & Anderson, 2021; McLean et al., 2021; Poletti et al., 2020; Zhou, Edirippulige, Bai, & Bambling, 2021), this study uniquely…”
Telephone Interpersonal Psychotherapy (Tele-IPT) for Rural Persons With HIV and Comorbid Depression
Heckman, T. G., Anderson, T., & Heckman, B. D. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197652084.003.0055 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Assessing therapist skills in teletherapy: the development and validation of the tele-facilitative interpersonal skills task
Antebi‐Lerman, E., Lin, T., Anderson, T., & Doorn, K. A. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2451329 · Cited by 1
“This coding method has been used and examined in previous studies (Lin et al., 2022; Nilsson, 2012; O’Connor & Joffe, 2020).”
Self-citation
Impacto del Covid-19 en la salud mental, uso y barreras en atención psicológica en España
Zamorano, S., Ausín, B., González‐Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., Galdós, J. S., Abad, A., Vaquero, C., & Muñoz, M. (2022) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2022a9 · Cited by 1
Psychotherapy; current evidence and trends
Doorn, K. A., & Gutterman, D. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00077-1 · Cited by 1
Promoting brain health in a digital world
Siddarth, P., Hodes, J. F., & Small, G. W. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00015-2 · Cited by 2
Development and Validation of the Telepsychology Facilitators Scale: A National StudyPreprint
Silverman, A. L., Watson, J. D., Dini, M. E., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ufwhq · Cited by 1
Comparison of Telebehavioral Health Outcomes from Rural Populations Across AmericaPreprint
McCord, C., Ullrich, F. A., Merchant, K. A. S., Bhagianadh, D., Nelson, E., Marcin, J. P., Law, K. B., Neufeld, J. D., Giovanetti, A. K., Ward, M. M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1808717/v1
Online-Gruppenpsychotherapie
Weinberg, H. (2023) · Ärztliche Psychotherapie · doi:10.21706/aep-18-2-121
Use of Technology in the Delivery of College Mental Health Services: Opportunities and Challenges
Cooper, S. E. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2381136
“A meta-analytic analysis by Lin et al. (2022) suggests each format demonstrates equivalent effectiveness.”
Perceptions of Mental Health and Mental Health Care in Luxembourg: A High-Income Country
Luers, T., Aggarwal, P., & Raval, V. V. (2024) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-024-00214-3
“Studies conducted in other parts of the world during the first two years of the global pandemic indicated that the outcomes of online therapy did not differ compared to face-to-face therapy (Hao et al., 2021 ; Lin et al., 2022 ).”
Embedding Positive Emotions Activities in a Family-Strengthening Intervention to Enhance Receptivity and Engagement
Puffer, E. S., Mansoor, M., Rieder, A. D., Johnson, S. L., Quick, K. N., Rasmussen, J. D., Salgado, G. N., Boone, W. J., Proeschold‐Bell, R. J., & Coping Together Implementation Team (2025) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770241255114
“In this study, we embedded them in a program likely to have engagement challenges due to its videoconferencing delivery mode (Lin et al., 2022), participation by entire family units (Sotero & Relvas, 2021), and participation by African Americans who are disproportionately affected by inequities in…”
Consideraciones teóricas y técnicas sobre la entrevista clínica en telepsicología
Bolivariana, U. P., Borjas, M. V., & Gómez, M. O. (2024) · Revista de Psicología Universidad de Antioquia · doi:10.17533/udea.rp.e286879
Cautious Interest: Stakeholder Perspectives on the Value of a Digital Mental Health Clinic in Aotearoa
Ritchie, C. (2025) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.29936771
Third-Order Cybernetics: Systemic Practices Go Digital
Borcsa, M., & Pomini, V. (2025) · European Family Therapy Association series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92225-1_1
COVID-19 and dream interpretation clarify the importance of the frame to novice therapists
Stukenberg, K. W., & Phillips, J. E. (2025) · Psychodynamic Practice · doi:10.1080/14753634.2025.2549255
“One recent meta-analysis found that, compared to experienced psychotherapists, trainee therapists may be at greater risk for client attrition when employing teletherapy as compared to in-person therapy (Lin et al., 2021).”
Understanding Therapist Heterogeneity in the Post-Pandemic Use of Video-Based Psychotherapy: A Person-Centered Longitudinal Analysis of German Outpatient Psychotherapists (Preprint)Preprint
Rosenbaum, J., Spaeth, M., Schneider, J. F., & Berger, T. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.82972
Consumer experiences of synchronous telepsychology within a community anxiety disorder clinic: A qualitative study
John, E. S., Minchin, E., Milicevic, D., Kirsten, L. T., Agius, S., & Juraskova, I. (2025) · Health Literacy and Communication Open · doi:10.1080/28355245.2025.2567853
A Case Report of Telehealth Assessment for Adolescent Anxiety, Depression and COVID-Related Grief
Garro, A., Debbie, C., & Katie, C. (2025) · Lifespan development and mental health. · doi:10.70322/ldmh.2025.10016
Synchronous tele‐interpersonal psychotherapy versus tele‐cognitive behavioural therapy for adults: which works better? Results from a randomised clinical trial
Lucas, L. S., Borba, B. L. I., de Azevedo, B. M., Cagliari, A., Valim, A. R. D. M., Garcia, E. L., Areosa, S. V. C., Morelle, A. M., Damin, M. R. A., Stülp, S., et al. (2025) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2025-102067 · Cited by 1
Situación actual de la telepsicología por parte de los psicooncólogos en España
Miranda, M. P. B., Ruiz, Á. G., Schazm, C. I. R., & Estupiñá, F. J. (2025) · Psicooncología · doi:10.5209/psic.71162
A Thematic Analysis of Teletherapy Benefits and Challenges for Two Spirit, Transgender, and Nonbinary People of Color: Qualitative Results from the HOPE Trial
Budge, S. L., Ben, L., Lynn, S., et al. (2025) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1177/15305627251399268
Additional file 1 of Youth mental health care use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, Canada: an interrupted time series, population-based study
Russell, M. J., Urichuk, L., Parker, N., Agyapong, V. I. O., Rittenbach, K., Dyson, M. P., & Hilário, C. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26533784
Support at Our Fingertips: An Experimental Comparison of In-Person, Video, Voice and Text-Based Support
Holtzman, S., Lisi, D., Godard, R., & DeLongis, A. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251409165
Patient Perspectives of Teletherapy
Doorn, K. A., Levy, S., Teklu, K., & Békés, V. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08980-9_4
Patient experiences in receiving virtual psychotherapy: a qualitative study
Tasca, G. A., Storozuk, A., Klimkowski, V., O’Connor, E., Baker, S., Baldwin, D., Houle, S. A., Garceau, C., & Sylvestre, J. C. (2026) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2026.888
“A recent meta-analysis (Lin et al. , 2021) examined randomized controlled trials from 2002 onward that compared virtual care to in-person therapy.”
Influential
“Therapy Beyond the Screen”: A Qualitative Exploration of Tele-Therapy Experiences Among Clinical Psychologists and Speech and Language Therapists
YAŞA, İ. C., Akgün, P., Yılmaz, S. D., Dölek, M., Tekin, S. E., & Kaya, A. S. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14060716
Bridging the mental health care gap for international students via digital interventions: conceptual foundations and a five-stage model for culturally sensitive design
Xie, Q., Zhu, Y., Lin, T., Yin, Z., & Goldberg, S. B. (2026) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2026.2643867 · Cited by 1
“Teletherapy can expand psychotherapy services to patients who experience commuting and scheduling challenges, achieving effectiveness comparable to in-person psychotherapy (Lin et al., 2022).”
Self-citation
About Face: Is Virtual Group Delivery of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) as Effective as Face-to-Face Group Delivery in Improving Psychological and Physiological Markers of Health?
Boath, E., Church, D., & Stapleton, P. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14060784
“A 2022 meta-analysis of 20 studies conducted before COVID that compared virtual with in-person psychotherapy found that the results of the two delivery modalities did not differ significantly [38].”
The therapeutic relationship in in‐person, video call, and telephone psychotherapy sessions
Stefana, A., Fazia, T., & Nova, A. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70050
Telehealth Treatments of Common Psychological Disorders: An Overview and Meta-analysis
Gerdes, R., Roberts, R., Jackson, T., Premji, R., Deibert, D., Choi, C., Steer, K. J. D., Bani‐Fatemi, A., Dennett, L., Lytvyak, E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-026-10406-7
The effectiveness and efficiency of brief strategic therapy: A comparison of in-person, online, and hybrid treatment delivery modalities
Jackson, J. B., Pakrosnis, R., Vitry, G., Bartling, Z. J., Collongues, L., Gibson, P., Portelli, C., & Papantuono, M. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2666649
Smartphone-based videoconferencing for the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: A case illustration of a real-time guided exposure therapy
Sözer, Ö. T. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1798783

Authors: Lin, T., Heckman, T. G., & Anderson, T.
ORCID: Lin, Tao
Heckman, Timothy G.
Anderson, Timothy
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2022-06
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 167-178
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1037/cps0000056
OpenAlex: W4200531037
Cited by: 103
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14
FWCI: 2.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 212 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (R21DA047893)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Keywords: telemedicine, in-person therapy, treatment efficacy, remote psychotherapy

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