Adaptive functioning at age 18 years following severe early deprivation: Results of a randomized controlled trial.
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= 18.9 years). Adaptive functioning was assessed via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland). We found that 16 years after randomization occurred, those who had been randomized to the foster care group (FCG) had significantly higher scores in adaptive functioning, including communication and socialization skills, compared to those in care as usual group (CAUG). Further, when examining age equivalences (i.e., individual's adaptive functioning by representing their functional level in terms of age milestones), individuals in the FCG had higher age equivalences compared to those in the CAUG. Mediation analyses revealed that caregiving quality partially mediated the association between the intent-to-treat group (i.e., CAUG vs. FCG) and adaptive functioning, with higher caregiving quality associated with higher levels of adaptive functioning. Similarly, caregiving quality mediated the association when comparing the never-institutionalized group to the ever-institutionalized group (CAUG + FCG) and adaptive functioning. These findings underscore the positive impact of nurturing environments on children's adaptive functioning and indicate that early investment in family care as an alternative to institutional care leads to better adaptive functioning during the transition to adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
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Foster care intervention was associated with moderate improvements in adaptive functioning.
“Strong improvements in attachment disorder symptoms; moderate improvements in externalizing symptoms and adaptive functioning; weak improvements in internalizing symptoms for boys (strong for girls)”
From Resilience following severe early life neglect: A review of longitudinal evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Hare et al., 2026
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hare M. (2023). Adaptive functioning at age 18 years following severe early deprivation: Results of a randomized controlled trial [Dataset]. OSF. https://osf.io/vdx9z/?view_only=410549124da349f3af2e8427819bbb2b PMC12465061 40638296
- Rutter M, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Beckett C, Castle J, Kreppner J, Kumsta R, Schlotz W, Stevens S, Bell CA, & Gunnar MR (2010). Deprivation-specific psychological patterns: Effects of institutional deprivation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 75(1), i– 253. 20500633
- Sparrow S, Cicchetti D, & Saulnier C (2016). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales–Third Edition: Manual. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
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Holt-Gosselin, B., Adri, F., Humphreys, K. L., & Nelson, C. A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101837
“…Humphreys et al., 2017; King et al., 2023; Smyke et al., 2012), as well as improved peer relationships, social functioning (Almas et al., 2015; Humphreys et al., 2018; Levin et al., 2015; Wade et al., 2020b) and adaptive functioning (Hare et al., 2026; Humphreys et al., 2018) compared to CAUG.”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hare, M. M., Humphreys, K. L., Cosmoiu, A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Bucharest (RO)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2026-07
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1393-1402
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC12465061
- OpenAlex
- W4412162133
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH091363)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- adaptive behavior, early childhood deprivation, foster care, institutional care, caregiving quality, coming of age, communication skills, socialization skills, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, mediation analysis, family care
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Communication, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Male, Psychosocial Deprivation, Socialization, Young Adult, Social Skills
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