The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain.
Abstract
If we are eventually to understand the capability of higher organisms for perceptual recognition, generalization, recall, and thinking, we must first have answers to three fundamental questions: 1. How is information about the physical world sensed, or detected, by the biological system? 2. In what form is information stored, or remembered? 3. How does information contained in storage, or in memory, influence recognition and behavior? The first of these questions is in the
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity
McCulloch, W. S., & Pitts, W. (1943) · The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics · doi:10.1007/bf02478259 · Cited by 18,566
Hebb, D. O. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410612403 · Cited by 9,825
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
Kleene, S. (1951) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400882618-002 · Cited by 1,927
Probabilistic Logic and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components
von Neumann, J. (1956) · Cited by 1,652
(1952) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,436
Kneale, M., & von Hayek, F. A. (1954) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2216396 · Cited by 494
Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology
Goldstein, K. (1940) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674492103 · Cited by 286
Milner, P. M. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0042287 · Cited by 235
Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology.
L., H. A., & Goldstein, K. (1941) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2017294 · Cited by 126
McCulloch, W. S. (1950) · dialectica · doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1950.tb01019.x · Cited by 73
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 11,901–12,000 of 13,333
Trentanovi, G., Santi, E., Mori, E., Viviano, A., Giovannelli, A., Traversi, M. L., & Sarnari, F. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72649
Bruderer, H. (2025) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3755991.3755994
Wahid, M. F., Tafreshi, R., Al-Hijji, M. A., & Khalil, C. A. (2025) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.12.239
QoS Awareness and Improved Throughput of Point Cloud Services With Dynamic Workloads
Fu, K., Shi, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Wong, W., Wang, W., He, B., & Guo, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3648132
OLC-WA: Drift aware tuning-free online classification with weighted average
Abu-Shaira, M., Feng, Y., Fan, H., & Shi, W. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.130848
Zhang, M., Sun, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Song, K., & Gong, H. (2025) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/d5cy01398d
da Silva, R. G. D., Campos, V. B. D. C., & Magalhães, E. S. (2025) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110649
DDOS attack detection with data imperfections using machine learning algorithms
Dremov, A., & Volokyta, A. (2025) · Information, computing and intelligent systems · doi:10.20535/2786-8729.7.2025.334076
Sağlık Sektöründe Dijital Dönüşüm ve Veri Analitiği Uygulamaları
İmak, A., Ünlükal, C., & Göçmen, E. (2025) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub1072.c4240
Prediction of circRNA-Drug Associations Based on Bipartite Graph Transformer
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Lei, X. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3649178
A Seismic Horizon Identification Method Based on scSE-VGG16-UNet++
Wang, Q., Liu, C., Liu, Y., Fan, J., Wang, D., Lu, Q., & Li, P. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16010394
Rao, R. P. N., Sathish, V., Jiang, L. P., Bryan, M., & Rangarajan, P. (2025) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.22568
Technical Language Processing in Manufacturing Applications
Ansari, F., Erkoyuncu, J. A., Kölbl, J., & Vrabič, R. (2026) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04439-6_1
Introduction to Large Language Models
Benedetti, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01563-1_1
Islam, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00488-8_1
Revisting Data-Driven ECG Classification: Definitions, Datasets and Benchmarks
Zhang, C., Wei, G., & Li, D. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3483-8_25
A Comparison of Data-Driven Synthetic Performance Indicators for Default Prediction
Casarin, R., Corradin, F., & Peruzzi, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05551-4_7
Jaber, J. J., Alhjahja, S. N. M., Shatnawi, Y., Al-Gasaymeh, A., & Ghulam, Y. A. (2026) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00590-8_22
Lima, T. G. L. (2025) · Global political sociology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05954-3_3
Lima, T. G. L. (2025) · Global political sociology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05954-3_2
Learnable Relational Knowledge Distillation For Language Model Compression
Hu, F., Zhang, K., Liu, Y., Bao, M., Liu, X., chen, Y., Zhou, G., & Liu, Q. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4158-4_10
Predicting transfer times across production lines using data pooling
Choi, S., Joo, Y. H., Park, H., Kang, Y., Choe, R., & Jung, J. (2026) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.12.025
Prediction of Diabetes With Ensemble Method: Gradient Boosting Classifier
Nandkuliyar, Y., Gupta, R., Saha, S., Kalim, T., Namtirtha, A., Dan, S., Bera, T., & Rakshit, P. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3671-9_20
Chong, L. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13184-3_10
A Review of Computer Vision-based Hyperspectral Seed Quality Detection
Chen, C., Yao, L., Pang, T., Wang, X., Yu, H., Wu, J., & Li, Z. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) · doi:10.1109/indin64977.2025.11279132
Mesquita, C. M. (2024) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Homogeneous ridge polynomial neural network training by PS module asynchronous gradient method
Sun, T., Xiong, Y., & Hu, J. (2026) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2025.12.060
A Polissemia da Inteligência Artificial Gerativa
Astorri, G. (2025) · FORMAZIONE & INSEGNAMENTO. Rivista internazionale di Scienze dell'educazione e della formazione · doi:10.7346/-feis-xxiii-01-25_10
Barragam, V. P. (2024) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Hamaguti, É. K. (2024) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Deep learning aplicado a predições na geração de energia solar fotovoltaica.
Santos, S. J. S. (2024) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Detecção de erosão em taludes baseada em deep learning
Limão, C. H. E. (2023) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
A tool based on deep morphological networks to aid in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy
Martins, G. B. (2023) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
de Góes, C. B. D. (2023) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine: 1898–
(2026) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837679690-00540
Study of Biodiversity and Ecology Using a Machine Learning Approach
Jeniffer, J. T., & Thatheyus, A. J. (2026) · Earth and environmental sciences library · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11426-6_15
The Transistor Moment: A Paradigm Beyond the Vacuum Tube Epoch of AIPreprint
Ayienda, A. O. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5863306
3D-based contact-less fingerprint acquisition
Ruzicka, L. (2025) · reposiTUm (TU Wien) · doi:10.34726/hss.2025.111502
Minding the gap between artificial and biological computing paradigms for biologically loyal AI
Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1695493
Classification by separating hypersurfaces: An entropic approach
Arratia, A., Daou, M. E., & Gzyl, H. (2026) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2026.131280
Dataflow-Driven Neuromorphic Architectures for Edge AI: Theory, Design, and Applications
Kim, B., Mehta, P., & Chen, Y. (2025) · International Congress of Mathematicans · doi:10.1109/icm66518.2025.11321320
Saha, S. K. (2026) · IEEE electron devices reviews. · doi:10.1109/edr.2026.3651179
Writing and spelling disorder detection using artificial intelligence
Βιολέντης, Α. Ι. (2025) · University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly)
Machine Learning-based Classification of Cognitive Workload via In-ear EEG
Cisotto, G., Canini, M., Minchella, M., & Badia, L. (2025) · IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC) · doi:10.1109/iscc65549.2025.11326062
AI Methods: Understanding AI Models, Radiomic Analysis and Performance Metrics in Medical Imaging
Grigorescu, I., Mushari, N. A., Tsoumpas, C., & Deprez, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05080-9_2
DPTMS: data-physics coupling thermo-mechanical simulation method of quenching process
Xu, Y., Zhao, Z., & Yan, J. (2026) · Engineering With Computers · doi:10.1007/s00366-025-02234-9
Cao, R., Hao, J., & Xia, H. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS) · doi:10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322940
Artificial Neural Networks in Textile
Azeggagh, M. A., Azzouzi, A., & Guessasma, S. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Automation Control (AIAC) · doi:10.1109/aiac68175.2025.11332413
Machine learning framework for an automated BOQ task-matching process
de Sousa, L. R. J. (2025) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
27Chapter 3 Neural memory models and the origin of vectorvector logic
Mizraji, E. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783112230053-004
Mobi 2 Still: People Detection and Tracking With Mobile Human-Equipped mmWave Radars
Li, Y., Xu, D., Liang, K., Zeng, H., Xu, L., Ma, H., & Zhou, A. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3656239
Dynamic Neural Radiance Fields Based on Camera Pose Estimation Using Monocular Vision
Fu, G., Li, F., He, M., & Kuang, P. (2025) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Computer Application (ICMLCA) · doi:10.1109/icmlca66850.2025.11336467
Bridging optics and machine learning: revisiting correspondence imaging via linear classification
Zhou, Y., Liu, J., Zheng, H., Chen, H., He, Y., li, F., & Xu, Z. (2026) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.581369
Hevea Clone Identification using Deep Learning
Romruensukharom, T., & Nonsiri, S. (2025) · International Conferences on Information Technologies and Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1109/icitee66631.2025.11338251
Chelali, F. Z., Hadjih, A., & Kamal, A. C. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent Computer Systems, Data Science and Applications (IC2SDA) · doi:10.1109/ic2sda68097.2025.11331574
Ligand-based machine learning models to classify active compounds for prostaglandin EP2 receptor
Dupuyds, P., Rayar, A., Opuu, V., Lescanne, C., Wang, S., Annereau, J., Nghe, P., & Briseño-Roa, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-23764-8
Explaining Machine Learning and Memorization with Statistical MechanicsPreprint
Thériault, R. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.25429/theriault-robin_phd2026-01-15
Renukadevi, S., Harichandrakumar, K. T., Ganapathy, S., Priyamvada, P. S., & Nair, N. S. (2026) · Indian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.25259/ijn_411_23
Intelligence artificielle et banques de données
Hennocq, Q. (2026) · EMC - Chirurgie orale et maxillo-faciale · doi:10.1016/s2352-3999(25)49562-4
Hu, R., Shu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Scientific Computing · doi:10.1007/s10915-026-03193-z
Autonomous Like Us? Machinic Copies and Human Models in the Age of AI
Anzalone, M. (2026) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14537-6_1
SCFNNs: Stochastic Computing Fuzzy Neural Networks
Farhadi, M., Witold Pedrycz, C., & Han, J. (2026) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2026.3657298
jiang, L., Wang, Q., Yan, L., Lin, H., He, X., Feng, J., Yi, A., & Pan, W. (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-025-12016-z
Wang, J., Yan, Y., Feng, Y., Wen, C., & Yang, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6137510
Kolmogorov Arnold Network vs Long Short Term Memory Performance in Time Series ForecastingPreprint
Sukhorukova, N., Rather, T. A., Joy, S. M. M. H., & Frascoli, F. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6144987
Ullah, N., Bibi, A., Nie, Y., & Lu, D. (2026) · Acta Mechanica Sinica · doi:10.1007/s10409-025-24720-x
Machine Learning Applications in Fluid Mechanics
Ahadi, A., Baei, P. H., & Sheikholeslami, M. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394433605.ch2
Introduction to Methods in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neurology
Magee, R. K., & Mupparapu, M. (2026) · Dental Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cden.2025.11.002
Data-driven classification for biological applications through machine learning
Oliva, A. O., & Seshaiyer, P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-327452-7.00019-1
Oren, I., Gupta, V., Habib, M., Shifman, Y., Shor, J. S., Danial, L., & Daniel, R. (2026) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-026-00589-5
Pasquinelli, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-44521-8_103
Lora, A. R., Moctezuma, D., & Ovando‐Vázquez, C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6175745
Optimización de carteras de inversión con redes neuronales y algoritmos genéticos
Pérez, J. G. (2025) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)
Algorithm and procedure of machine learning methods
Kang, G., Kan, Q., Zhang, X., Hu, Y.-N., & Li, X. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44615-3.00005-3
Introduction to Machine Learning Algorithms
Khanna, V. K. (2026) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003423089
Du, Y. (2026) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15842-0_2
Vural, M. A., & Akay, M. K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6210554
Fundamentals of convolutional neural networks
Bhattacharya, S., Dasgupta, A., Sengupta, A., & Dutta, K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33082-7.00019-x
Zemła, S., Orlicki, H., Fudala, M., Polak, J., Knapik, A., & Książek, W. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33082-7.00026-7
Chen, Y., & Li, H. (2026) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a19020155
Bruderer, H. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783112210222-002
Analytical Review and Implementation of Modern Gradient Descent Techniques
Vijayan, V. (2025) · Kristu Jayanti Journal of Computational Sciences (KJCS) · doi:10.59176/kjcs.v5i1.2539
Brain-Inspired Learning and the Dynamic Interplay Between Neuroscience and Computer Science
Δικαίος, Ν., Kastis, G. A., & Protonotarios, N. Ε. (2026) · IT Professional · doi:10.1109/mitp.2025.3635775
AI and Algorithms: What Digital Technology Can Teach Us About Content
Bachimont, B. (2026) · Lecture notes in morphogenesis · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08726-3_2
Geißel, L., Stegmair, S., & Wiederkehr, P. (2026) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2025.08.197
Novel Design of Machine Learning Based Surface Defect Detection Systems
Kim, S.-K., & Su, R. (2026) · International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC) · doi:10.1109/iceic69189.2026.11386041
Proposal of a Simple Perceptron Circuit Based on Neuron-CMOS with Adjustable Weights
Hasegawa, T., Hokari, N., Furukawa, H., & Fukuhara, M. (2025) · International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS) · doi:10.1109/ispacs68724.2025.11382815
Numerical Investigation of Plasma Vertical Growth Rate in Vertical Displacement Events on EAST
Wu, G., Guo, Y. X., & Chengyue, L. I. U. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science · doi:10.1109/tps.2026.3662360
Lukito, I. S., Wicaksana, H. S., Sulistya, W., Santoso, & Fachruddin, I. (2025) · International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS) · doi:10.1109/ispacs68724.2025.11383436
Inteligência artificial no diagnóstico
Furlanetti, E. F. M. (2025) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2025.1509322
TWRNet: Adaptive Multi-Res Wavelet Filtering for Enhanced Time Series Forecasting
Ji, C., Chen, Y., Qin, J., Sun, Z., Zhang, W., & Wang, Z. (2025) · IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC) · doi:10.1109/swc65939.2025.00243
Enhancing Coastal Dew Point Prediction: A Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Southeastern BangladeshPreprint
Jahan, I., Bhadra, D., Khan, M. M. H., & Rois, R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8927564/v1
BiGCN Learns B Cell Functional States by Integrating Single‐Cell Transcriptomes and BCR Repertoires
Liu, X., Huang, J., Zhao, S., Wang, S., Wei, G., Liu, Y., Jiao, P., & Xiang, D. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202501919
Payne, A. J. S., Hopkins, G., Gowda, S. N., Trigucro, I., & Pound, M. P. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw69036.2025.00741
The Aalto Dictionary of Machine Learning : Course Edition CS-E4740 Federated Learning
Jung, A., Olioumtsevits, K., Schnoor, E., Ryynänen, T. F., Gronier, J., Rastelli, S., & Seesto, M. (2026) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University)
Kent-Dobias, J. (2026) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/ae4587
A lightweight detection model for fruit flies based on KSGM-OMN
Deng, H., Meng, F., Wang, Z., Peng, Y., Liao, M., & Hu, C. (2026) · Smart Agricultural Technology · doi:10.1016/j.atech.2026.101931
Bezerra, N. S., & dos Reis, F. J. C. (2026) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v19n2-084
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenblatt, F.
- Corresponding author
- Rosenblatt, F.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1958
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 386-408
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2040870580
- Semantic Scholar
- 5d11aad09f65431b5d3cb1d85328743c9e53ba96
- Cited by
- 12,280
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 659 · 2025: 1019 · 2024: 969 · 2023: 933 · 2022: 945 · 2021: 965 · 2020: 898 · 2019: 826 · 2018: 494 · 2017: 411 · 2016: 318 · 2015: 313 · 2014: 282 · 2013: 332 · 2012: 255
- FWCI
- 14.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Neural Networks and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- perceptron, probabilistic models, information storage, memory, perceptual identification, generalization, memory retrieval
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Perception, Models, Statistical, Information Storage and Retrieval, Neural Networks, Computer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review