The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Scales of apparent force
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In particular, perceived physical effort in constant-force tasks with a hand dynamometer has been shown to increase parabolically as a function of the target force (Stevens’ power law [33, 80]).”
From Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
Citations
Cites
Stevens, S. S. (1957) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046162 · Cited by 3,388
Ratio scales and category scales for a dozen perceptual continua.
Stevens, S. S., & Galanter, E. (1957) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043680 · Cited by 1,059
Problems and methods of psychophysics.
Stevens, S. S. (1958) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0044251 · Cited by 264
Cross-modality validation of subjective scales for loudness, vibration, and electric shock.
Stevens, S. S. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048957 · Cited by 230
On the Perception of Small Differences.
Angell, F., Fullerton, G. S., & Cattell, J. M. (1894) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2176045 · Cited by 125
Tactile vibration: Dynamics of sensory intensity.
Stevens, S. S. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042828 · Cited by 109
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 217
A psychophysical study of heaviness for box lifting and lowering
Baxter, C. E., Stålhammar, H., & Troup, J. D. G. (1986) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138608967222 · Cited by 20
Control Strategies for Accurate Force Generation and Relaxation
Ohtaka, C., & Fujiwara, M. (2016) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512516664778 · Cited by 19
Verbal Estimation of Peak Exertion Intensity
Marshall, M. M., Armstrong, T. J., & Ebersole, M. L. (2004) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.4.697.56804 · Cited by 19
Leonard, G. T., & Milner, B. A. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90098-s · Cited by 19
An experimental comparison of stimulus and response translated power functions for brightness
Fagot, R. F., & Stewart, M. R. (1968) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212750 · Cited by 19
Pedersen, E. W., & Hornbæk, K. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557019 · Cited by 18
Force Control Characteristics for Generation and Relaxation in the Lower Limb
Ohtaka, C., & Fujiwara, M. (2018) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2018.1474337 · Cited by 18
Visual-Haptic Compliance Perception
Klatzky, R. L., & Wu, B. (2014) · Springer series on touch and haptic systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6533-0_2 · Cited by 18
Thermal sensation. A comparison of rating scales and cross modality matching
McIntyre, D. A. (1976) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/bf01553586 · Cited by 16
Hashimoto, I., Gatayama, T., Yoshikawa, K., Sasaki, M., & Nomura, M. (1991) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(91)90070-e · Cited by 16
An Experimental Quantification of Kinesthetic Sensation: Extent of Arm Movement
Ronco, P. G. (1963) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1963.9916615 · Cited by 16
Tursky, B., Lodge, M. G., & Reeder, R. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01504.x · Cited by 16
Kumar, S., Simmonds, M. J., & Lechelt, D. P. (1994) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0169-8141(94)90059-0 · Cited by 15
Lowe, B. D. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.659 · Cited by 15
Psychophysical measurement of the judged seriousness of crimes and severity of punishments
Gescheider, G. A., Catlin, E. C., & Fontana, A. M. (1982) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330256 · Cited by 15
Respirator Comfort: Subjective Response to Force Applied to the Face
Snook, S. H., Hinds, W. C., & Burgess, W. A. (1966) · American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal · doi:10.1080/00028896609342799 · Cited by 14
Effects of vibration on grip and push force-recall performance
McDowell, T. W., Wiker, S. F., Dong, R. G., & Welcome, D. E. (2007) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2006.10.024 · Cited by 14
Teghtsoonian, R., & Teghtsoonian, M. (1997) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206018 · Cited by 14
On the Association of Effort and Force of Handgrip
Krombholz, H. (1985) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.161 · Cited by 14
La perception de l'effort et de la difficulté
Delignières, D. (1993) · INSEP-Éditions eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.insep.1427 · Cited by 18
Savage, R. J., Best, S. A., Carstairs, G. L., & Ham, D. J. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825d7f5e · Cited by 13
Isometric force control in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia
Vrtunski, P. B., Alphs, L. D., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90106-y · Cited by 13
Marklund, G., & Molin, C. J. (1972) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016357209004595 · Cited by 13
A quantitative electromyographic index that is independent of the force of contraction
CENKOVICH, F. S., Hsu, S.-F., & Gersten, J. W. (1982) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(82)90234-6 · Cited by 13
Mapping Muscles Activation to Force Perception during Unloading
Toma, S., & Lacquaniti, F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152552 · Cited by 12
A demonstration of level-anchored ratio scaling for prediction of grip strength
Borg, E., & Borg, G. A. V. (2013) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.02.007 · Cited by 12
Sonne, M. W. L., & Potvin, J. R. (2014) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.957734 · Cited by 12
Magnitude estimation of loudness
McRobert, H., Bryan, M. E., & Tempest, W. (1965) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(65)90117-3 · Cited by 12
Recall of self-generated arm movements by patients with unilateral cortical excisions
Leonard, G. T., & Milner, B. A. (1995) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00005-n · Cited by 11
Mols, G., Vetter, T., Haberthür, C., Geiger, K. K., & Guttmann, J. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200105000-00018 · Cited by 11
Perceived Submaximal Force Production in Young Adults
Jackson, A. W., Ludtke, A. W., Martin, S. B., Koziris, L. P., & Dishman, R. K. (2006) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.10599331 · Cited by 11
Perceived and Actual Grasp Forces on Cylindrical Handles
Cochran, D. J., Chen, Y., & Ding, X. (2007) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872007x312504 · Cited by 11
Individual pitch functions and pitch-duration cross-dimensional matching
Painton, S. W., Cullinan, W. L., & Mencke, E. O. (1977) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199504 · Cited by 11
Inverse cross-modality matching: A test of ratio judgment consistency for group and individual data
Lilienthal, M. G., & Dawson, W. E. (1976) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204178 · Cited by 11
THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON THE PERCEPTION OF MUSCULAR EFFORT
Teghtsoonian, R., Teghtsoonian, M., & Karlsson, J.-G. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021373-6.50019-2 · Cited by 11
Using metabolic energy to quantify the subjective value of physical effort
Summerside, E. M., & Ahmed, A. A. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0387 · Cited by 13
The influence of cooling forearm/hand and gender on estimation of handgrip strength
Cheng, C.-C., Shih, Y.-C., Tsai, Y.-J., & Chi, C.-F. (2014) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.934298 · Cited by 10
Bias effects on magnitude and ratio estimation power function exponents
Fagot, R. F., & Pokorny, R. (1989) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210701 · Cited by 10
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PAIN PERCEPTION PROFILE
Tursky, B. (1976) · Cited by 10
Hashimoto, I., Gatayama, T., Tamaki, M., Ushijima, R., Yoshikawa, K., Sasaki, M., Nomura, M., & Isojima, H. (1991) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(91)90009-s · Cited by 10
The effect of arm abduction angle and contraction intensity on perceived exertion
Timmons, M. K., Stevens, S. M., & Pincivero, D. M. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-0992-y · Cited by 9
Fujiwara, K., Miyaguchi, A., Toyama, H., Kunita, K., & Asai, H. (1999) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.279 · Cited by 9
Magnitude Perception of Added Inspiratory Resistance During Steady-State Exercise
Gamberale, F., Holmér, I., KINDBLOM, A.-S., & Nordström, A. (1978) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140137808931752 · Cited by 9
Lauzière, S., Dubois, B., Brière, A., & Nadeau, S. M. (2011) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0223-6 · Cited by 8
Perceived vibration and the loudness of low-frequency tones
Guirao, M., & Valciukas, J. A. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203294 · Cited by 8
The Psychophysiology of Private Events1
Hefferline, R. F., & Bruno, L. J. J. (1971) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-379650-9.50014-9 · Cited by 7
Interindividual differences in homomodal and heteromodal scaling
Künnapas, T. M., Hallsten, L., & Söderberg, G. (1973) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(73)90031-0 · Cited by 8
Scales of selected aspects of kinesthesis
Hoff, P. A. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213043 · Cited by 8
Effects of Procedure and Effort Type on Data Systematicity and the Rate of Effort Discounting
Macías-Navarrete, R., & dos Santos, C. V. (2023) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-023-00538-0 · Cited by 7
What Can We Sense? Interoceptive Accuracy
Köteles, F. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63201-4_4 · Cited by 7
S. S. Stevens, M. Guirao y los estudios psicofísicos en Argentina
Piñeda, M. A., & Sherman, P. (2016) · Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta · doi:10.5514/rmac.v42.i2.57025 · Cited by 7
Determining the accuracy of the psychophysical approach to grip force measurement
King, P. M., & Finet, M. (2004) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(04)00182-6 · Cited by 7
Static and Dynamic Exertion: A Psychophysical Similarity and Dissimilarity
Stevens, J. C. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74382-5_7 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAnalysis of grip forces during object manipulation
Hermsdörfer, J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581267.002 · Cited by 7
Power law fits to magnitude estimates of groups and individuals
Freides, D., & Phillips, P. (1966) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328442 · Cited by 7
Doren, C. L. V. (1996) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213096 · Cited by 7
The Variation of Hand Steadiness with Physical Stress
Borg, G. A. V., & Sjöberg, H. E. (1981) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1981.10735241 · Cited by 7
Modeling Coherence Zones in Flight Simulation During Yaw Motion
Buinhas, L. S., Grácio, B. J. C., Pais, A. R. V., van Paassen, M. M., & Mulder, M. (2013) · AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference · doi:10.2514/6.2013-5223 · Cited by 6
Vogt, T., Kato, K., Flüthmann, N., Bloch, O., Nakata, H., & Kanosue, K. (2018) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
Discriminating smooth from grooved surfaces: effects of random variations in skin penetration
Craig, J. C., Rhodes, R. P., Gibson, G. O., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1363-3 · Cited by 6
Effect of clozapine on motor function in schizophrenic patients
Vrtunski, P. B., Konicki, P. E., Kwon, K. Y., Jaskiw, G. J., & Jaskiw, G. E. (1996) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00085-2 · Cited by 6
Lack of appreciation of compressibility
Roland, P. E. (1973) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(73)90117-2 · Cited by 6
Cross-modality matching of muscular tension to loudness
Bruno, L. J. J., Hefferline, R. F., & Suslowitz, P. D. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03214330 · Cited by 6
A new psychophysical ratio scaling technique: Random production
Banks, W. P. (1973) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333368 · Cited by 6
Getting a grip on visual search: Relating effort exertion to the control of attention
Anderson, B. A., Lee, D. S., McKinney, M. R., & Clement, A. (2025) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-025-03024-7 · Cited by 7
"ESTADO DA ARTE" DAS ESCALAS DE PERCEPÇÃO SUBJETIVA DE ESFORÇO
Marques, N. K. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 5
Measuring subjective probabilities by the magnitude production method
Shapira, Z. (1975) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(75)90033-1 · Cited by 5
The effects of nicotine chewing gum on the sensitivity to muscle tension
Russell, P. O., Epstein, L. H., Sittenfield, S. L., & Block, D. R. (1986) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00310634 · Cited by 5
PERCEPTION OF MECHANICAL FACTORS IN BREATHING
Salamon, M., von Euler, C., von Euler, C., & Franzén, O. G. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021373-6.50015-5 · Cited by 5
GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE THREE EFFORT CONTINUA
Borg, G. A. V. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021373-6.50007-6 · Cited by 4
Tursky, B., & Jamner, L. D. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3548-1_23 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Knee Joint Angle and Contractor Intensity on Perceived Exertion
Pincivero, D. M., & Thomas, S. M. (2018) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518797859 · Cited by 4
Liley, P. E. (1962) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-0083-5.50034-8 · Cited by 4
Fear decrement to anxiety hierarchy items—Effects of stimulus intensity
Eberle, T. M., Rehm, L. P., & McBurney, D. H. (1975) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(75)90030-3 · Cited by 4
POSITIONAL PERCEPTION IN FORWARD OR BACKWARD FLEXION OF THE TRUNK WHILE STANDING
Miyaguchi, A., & Fujiwara, K. (1998) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.47.349 · Cited by 3
Visual feedback in force control of schizophrenics
Vrtunski, P. B., Lewis, K. L., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90162-7 · Cited by 3
Digital Hand Model for Grip Comfort Evaluation
Gust, P., & Ünlü, A. (2016) · Human factors and ergonomics · doi:10.1201/9781315367668-13 · Cited by 3
Efeito da experiencia atletica e de diferentes grupos musculares na percepcao de forca
Moraes, R., de Castro, E. M., & Schuller, J. A. D. P. (2000) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · Cited by 3
Sensation and Perception: Direct Scaling
Teghtsoonian, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.43087-4 · Cited by 3
Language lateralization and callosal Agenesis
Leonard, G. T., Zatorre, R. J., Leblanc, R., Tampieri, D. I., & Anderrnand, F. (1996) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554799608402395 · Cited by 3
Motor mechanisms in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia
Vrtunski, P. B., Alphs, L. D., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90066-3 · Cited by 3
A review of potential factors affecting roughness perception
Kim, H., Han, S. H., Kim, S., Hwang, H., Park, J., & Kwon, K. (2025) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2025.103778 · Cited by 2
Avaliação psicofísica da percepção de dor
Silva, J. A. D., & Ribeiro-Filho, N. P. (2011) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/s0103-65642011005000009 · Cited by 2
Performance and Acceptance of Respirator Facial Seals
Burgess, W. A., Hinds, W. C., & Snook, S. H. (1970) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140137008931160 · Cited by 2
Ogura, Y., SHIMIZU, S., Ogata, M., Sekioka, Y., Nagai, J., & Miyashita, K. (1997) · Japanese Journal of Sport Education Studies · doi:10.7219/jjses.17.29 · Cited by 2
Laming, D. (1997) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523420.003.0005 · Cited by 2
Transfer Functions of the Skin and Muscle Senses
Stevens, S. S. (2008) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470715338.ch2 · Cited by 2
Monotonicity, convexity, and other qualitative psychophysical laws
Adams, E. W., & Fagot, R. F. (1987) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(87)90011-3 · Cited by 2
Murase, T., & Asami, T. (1994) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.43.104 · Cited by 2
How Much Mathematics Is “Hardwired,” If Any at All
Núñez, R. E. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119301981.ch3 · Cited by 2
Effects of subjective effort on overground and treadmill running: a comparative analysis
Hasebe, F., Miura, M., Ono, K., Goto, Y., Nakata, H., Ohtaka, C., & Fujiwara, M. (2023) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.12.45 · Cited by 1
Cross-Modality Matching of Lingual Pressure to Loudness
Leeper, H. A., Feth, L. L., & APPL, F. J. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.46.3.911 · Cited by 1
Fucci, D. J., Harris, D., & Petrosino, L. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1079 · Cited by 1
Psychophysical Aspects of Muscle Strength
Dempsey, P. G. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203503591.ch7 · Cited by 1
Murase, T., & Asami, T. (1993) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.42.201 · Cited by 1
An evaluation of vibration and other effects on the accuracy of grip and push force recall
McDowell, T. W. (2006) · doi:10.33915/etd.3447 · Cited by 1
An Assessment of Ratio Scales of Opinion Produced by Sensory-Modality Matching
Dawson, W. E. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2245-3_4 · Cited by 1
Verbal estimation of peak dynamic hand forces as a percentage of maximal effort
Oliver, C. R. (2008) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
The Performance of Female Young Adults in Perception of Efforts of Varied Nature and Magnitudes
Kumar, S., Simmonds, M. J., & Lechelt, D. P. (1993) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193129303701031
Perception of Surface Pressure Applied to the Hand
Johansson, L., Kjellberg, A., Kilbom, Å., & Hägg, G. M. (2000) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931200044029109
Metadata
- Authors
- Stevens, J. C., & Mack, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1959-11
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 405-413
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051647935
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- apparent forces, force perception, psychophysical scaling
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review