The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The research literature suggests that animals show response rate decreases when presented with competing approach and avoidance contingencies involving food and electric shock, respectively.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“For instance, in one study, Miller (1948) trained rats to run an alley in order to gain access to food in a box. The rats were then shocked while eating the food. On subsequent trials, the rats typically ran the alley to a specific point before halting just short of it. According to Miller, the approach and avoidance contingencies were equal at this point in time and space.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the relatively clear, consistent but varying responses observed across participants in the current experiments contrast with the effects observed using functionally analogous preparations with infrahumans.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Miller found that this point of equilibrium could be altered by varying the intensity of food deprivation or shock.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
Citations
Cites
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis.
(1935) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250170221019 · Cited by 3,091
Miller, N. E., & Dollar, D. (1944) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-194402000-00051 · Cited by 1,536
Self-citationPsychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist.
Watson, J. B. (1919) · J B Lippincott Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/10016-000 · Cited by 1,095
A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.
Mowrer, O. H. (1939) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054288 · Cited by 728
(1937) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1937.02780170078033 · Cited by 472
Theory and experiment relating psychoanalytic displacement to stimulus-response generalization.
Miller, N. E. (1948) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056728 · Cited by 295
Self-citationFear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning.
Mowrer, O. H., & Lamoreaux, R. R. (1946) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060150 · Cited by 217
Gault, R. H., & Shaffer, L. F. (1936) · Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) · doi:10.2307/1137527 · Cited by 129
Experimentally acquired drives.
May, M. A. (1948) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063003 · Cited by 69
The Externalization of Drive: III. Maze Learning by Non-Rewarded and by Satiated Rats
Anderson, E. E. (1941) · The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/08856559.1941.10534615 · Cited by 24
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An opponent-process theory of motivation. I. Temporal dynamics of affect
Solomon, R. L., & Corbit, J. D. (1974) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0036128 · Cited by 1,704
Theory and Research on Anxiety
Spielberger, C. D. (1966) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3131-0.50006-8 · Cited by 1,353
A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality.
Lykken, D. T. (1957) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047232 · Cited by 1,192
Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning.
Rescorla, R. A., & Solomon, R. L. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024475 · Cited by 1,487
“This conception seems to have originated, at least for aversively motivated behavior, with Miller (1948), who postulated that emotional reactions become associated with previously neutral stimuli by the action of drive reduction .”
BackgroundClassical fear-conditioning in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis
Lissek, S., Powers, A. S., McClure, E. B., Phelps, E. A., Woldehawariat, G., Grillon, C., & Pine, D. S. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.007 · Cited by 1,034
“Later theorists expanded on this formulation and shifted toward a model in which classically conditioned fear acts as a drive that motivates and reinforces avoidance (Eysenck, 1976, 1979; Eysenck & Rachman, 1965; Miller, 1948; Mowrer, 1947, 1960).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Neal E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1948
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2175609761
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- fear, fear conditioning, motivation, fear reduction, reinforcement, drive theory, avoidance learning
- MeSH terms
- Drive, Fear, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Psychoanalytic Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology
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