Partial reinforcement effects in classical aversive conditioning in rabbits and human beings.

Leonard, Dale W.

doi:10.1037/h0076419

Cited by 58Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Partial reinforcement effects in classical aversive conditioning in rabbits and human beings.

Leonard, Dale W.·1975·Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0076419

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The partial reinforcement extinction effect (the PREE) in classical aversive conditioning was investigated in 2 experiments. In the first, the nictitating membrane responses of 120 rabbits were conditioned at a 250-msec. interstimulus interval (ISI) under continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement with the unconditioned stimulus (US) omitted (Group PO), or partial reinforcement with the US delayed to 1,500 msec. (Group PD). These 3 groups were factorially extinguished under US-Omitted, US-Unpaired, or US-Delayed extinction regimens. A significant PREE was obtained, but only for PO training and US-Omitted extinction. The second experiment, employing human subjects in a masked eye blink conditioning task, produced parallel results. A general discrimination view of the classical PREE seems applicable, but one in which neither cognitive factors nor intertrial conditioning of reinforcement aftereffects play a significant role.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/h0076419

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Such effects may have occurred for the physiological measures during extinction because of the use of a partial reinforcement schedule during acquisition, which is known to slow down extinction.
“Such effects may have occurred for the physiological measures during extinction because of the use of a partial reinforcement schedule during acquisition, which is known to slow down extinction (Leonard 1975).”
From The Impact of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Cognitive Behavioural Instructions on Safety Learning (2020) · cites this paper as Leonard 1975
The time it takes participants to learn that a contingency change has occurred may differ depending on the reinforcement rate used during the prior acquisition phase.
“However, the time it takes participants to learn that a contingency change has occurred may differ depending on the reinforcement rate used during the prior acquisition phase (78,79).”
From I Doubt It Is Safe: A Meta-analysis of Self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty and Threat Extinction Training (2021) · cites this paper as [79]

Frustrative nonreward in partial reinforcement and discrimination learning: Some recent history and a theoretical extension.
Amsel, A. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046200 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Partial reinforcement: A hypothesis of sequential effects.
Capaldi, E. J. (1966) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0023684 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Rehearsal in animal conditioning.
Wagner, A. R., Rudy, J. W., & Whitlow, J. W. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034136 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The interstimulus interval and the latency of the conditioned eyelid response.
Boneau, C. A. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044940 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Extinction of conditioned fear as a function of percentage of reinforcement.
Wagner, A. R., Siegel, L. S., & Fein, G. G. (1967) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024172 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Partial reinforcement of the classically conditioned eyelid response in the rabbit.
Thomas, E., & Wagner, A. R. (1964) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048811 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Extinction of the human eyelid CR as a function of the discriminability of the change from acquisition to extinction.
Spence, K. W., Homzie, M. J., & Rutledge, E. F. (1964) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048887 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effect of CS-US interval shift on classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in the rabbit.
Leonard, D. W., & Theios, J. (1967) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024373 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of pattern of reinforcement and verbal information on acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery of the eyelid CR.
Hartman, T. F., & Grant, D. A. (1962) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0038838 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Conditioned diminution of the UCR: Differences between the human eyeblink and the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
Hupka, R. B., Kwaterski, S. E., & Moore, J. W. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028584 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Classical eyelid conditioning in rabbits under prolonged single alternation conditions of reinforcement.
Leonard, D. W., & Theios, J. (1967) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0088043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of partial reinforcement on acquisition and extinction of the conditioned eyeblink in a masking situation.
Spence, K. W., & Platt, J. R. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024583 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effects of different interpolated ITI stimulus-conditioned stimulus intervals on the acquisition of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit
Papsdorf, J. D., & Kettlewell, N. M. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331465 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Classical eyelid conditioning of the severely retarded: Partial reinforcement effects
Ross, L. E., Koski, C. H., & Yaeger, J. (1964) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342895 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Classical nictitating membrane conditioning in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Single alternation with differential intertrial intervals.
Hoehler, F. K., & Leonard, D. W. (1973) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035037 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of an interpolated ITI stimulus on classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit
Kettlewell, N. M., & Papsdorf, J. D. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332210 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The effects of ITI interpolated stimuli and CS intensity on classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit
Salafia, W. R., & Papsdorf, J. D. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342473 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Don’t fear “fear conditioning”: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear
Lonsdorf, T. B., Menz, M. M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M. A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Heitland, I., Hermann, A., Kuhn, M., Kruse, O., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Human Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review
Sehlmeyer, C., Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Pfleiderer, B., Kircher, T., Arolt, V., & Konrad, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005865 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Stress-induced recovery of fears and phobias.
Jacobs, W. J., & Nadel, L. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.512 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Impact of continuous versus intermittent CS-UCS pairing on human brain activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning.
Dunsmoor, J. E., Bandettini, P. A., & Knight, D. C. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.4.635 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The role of intolerance of uncertainty in classical threat conditioning: Recent developments and directions for future research
Morriss, J., Zuj, D. V., & Mertens, G. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.05.011 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The effect of temporal single alternation on learned increases in hippocampal unit activity in classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response
Hoehler, F. K., & Thompson, R. F. (1979) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03326655 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effects of contextual conditioning and unconditional stimulus presentation on performance in appetitive conditioning.
Bouton, M. E., Rosengard, C., Achenbach, G. G., Peck, C. A., & Brooks, D. C. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to Extinction of Aversive Memories
Livneh, U., & Paz, R. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fundamental Behavioral Methods and Findings in Classical Conditioning
Kehoe, E. J., & Macrae, M. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8558-3_6 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Extinction after aversive conditioning: An associative or nonassociative process?
Frey, P. W., & Butler, C. S. (1977) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(77)90063-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
I Doubt It Is Safe: A Meta-analysis of Self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty and Threat Extinction Training
Morriss, J., Wake, S., Elizabeth, C., & van Reekum, C. M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.05.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“However, the time it takes participants to learn that a contingency change has occurred may differ depending on the reinforcement rate used during the prior acquisition phase (78,79).”
Background
I feel safe when I know: Contingency instruction promotes threat extinction in high intolerance of uncertainty individuals
Morriss, J., & van Reekum, C. M. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.004 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Out with the old and in with the new: The role of intolerance of uncertainty in reversal of threat and safety
Morriss, J., Saldarini, F., Chapman, C., Pollard, M. I., & van Reekum, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719834451 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Covariation of alternative measures of responding in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eyeblink conditioning during acquisition training and tone generalization.
Garcia, K. S., Mauk, M. D., Weidemann, G., & Kehoe, E. J. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.292 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
General transfer across sensory modalities survives reductions in the original conditioned reflex in the rabbit
Kehoe, E. J., Morrow, L. D., & Holt, P. E. (1984) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03213131 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The role of threat level and intolerance of uncertainty in extinction
Morriss, J., Saldarini, F., & van Reekum, C. M. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty, and not social anxiety, is associated with compromised extinction of social threat
Wake, S. J., Morriss, J., Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M., & Dodd, H. F. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103818 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The learning of prospective and retrospective cognitive maps within neural circuits
Namboodiri, V. M. K., & Stuber, G. D. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
How many times do I need to see to believe? The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and exposure experience on safety-learning and retention in young adults
Morriss, J., Wake, S., Lindner, M., McSorley, E., & Dodd, H. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The effects of continuousversuspartial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction inLymnaea stagnalis
Sangha, S., McComb, C., Scheibenstock, A., Johannes, C., & Lukowiak, K. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.205.8.1171 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Avoidance prone individuals self reporting behavioral inhibition exhibit facilitated acquisition and altered extinction of conditioned eyeblinks with partial reinforcement schedules
Allen, M. T., Myers, C. E., & Servatius, R. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00347 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Behaviorally inhibited individuals demonstrate significantly enhanced conditioned response acquisition under non-optimal learning conditions
Holloway, J. L., Allen, M. T., Myers, C. E., & Servatius, R. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.041 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Unpaired extinction: Implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder
Schreurs, B. G., Smith‐Bell, C. A., & Burhans, L. B. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.010 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effect of Tryptophan Depletion on Conditioned Threat Memory Expression: Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty
(2021) · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effect of social anxiety on the acquisition and extinction of low-cost avoidance
Wake, S., van Reekum, C. M., & Dodd, H. F. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103967 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Impact of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Cognitive Behavioural Instructions on Safety Learning
Wake, S., van Reekum, C. M., Dodd, H., & Morriss, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10113-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pavlovian safety learning: An integrative theoretical review
Laing, P., Vervliet, B., Dunsmoor, J., & Harrison, B. J. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02559-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The scent of salience — Is there olfactory-trigeminal conditioning in humans?
Moessnang, C., Pauly, K. D., Kellermann, T., Krämer, J., Finkelmeyer, A. E., Hummel, T. R., Siegel, S. J., Schneider, F. W., & Habel, U. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.049 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Uncertainty-Dependent Extinction of Fear Memory in an Amygdala-mPFC Neural Circuit Model
Li, Y., Nakae, K., Ishii, S., & Naoki, H. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005099 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Inhibited Personality Temperaments Translated Through Enhanced Avoidance and Associative Learning Increase Vulnerability for PTSD
Allen, M., Myers, C., Beck, K., Pang, K., & Servatius, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00496 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An Amygdala-Inspired Classical Conditioning Model Implemented on an FPGA for Home Service Robots
Tanaka, Y., Morie, T., & Tamukoh, H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038161 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stimulus diversity increases category-based fear generalization and the effect of intolerance of uncertainty
Fan, M., Zhang, D., Zhao, S., Xie, Q., Chen, W., Jie, J., Wang, Y., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104201 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Eyeblink classical conditioning and post-traumatic stress disorder – a model systems approach
Schreurs, B. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Within-Session Response Patterns during Variable Interval, Random Reinforcement, and Extinction Procedures
McSweeney, F. K., Swindell, S., & Weatherly, J. N. (1999) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1006/lmot.1999.1032 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effect of partial and continuous reinforcement on the generalization of conditioned fear in humans
Zhao, S., Chen, W., Jie, J., Fan, M., Li, J., Rong, M., Yang, Z., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101812 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reversal Without Remapping
Coutanche, M. N., & Thompson‐Schill, S. L. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611434211 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Avoidance learning and classical eyeblink conditioning as model systems to explore a learning diathesis model of PTSD
Allen, M., Handy, J., Miller, D. P., & Servatius, R. (2019) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Classical Conditioning: Contingency and Contiguity
LoLordo, V. M. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3387-6_3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Amphetamine influences conditioned response timing and laterality of anterior cingulate cortex activity during rabbit delay eyeblink conditioning
Oristaglio, J., Romano, A. G., & Harvey, J. A. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.02.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Electrocortical Responses in Anticipation of Avoidable and Inevitable Threats: A Multisite Study
Stegmann, Y., Teigeler, J., Mirifar, A., Keil, A., & Gamer, M. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0575-24.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Project DyAdd: classical eyeblink conditioning in adults with dyslexia and ADHD
Laasonen, M. R., Kauppinen, J., Leppämäki, S., Tani, P., Harno, H., Hokkanen, L., & Wikgren, J. (2012) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3237-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attenuation and reacquisition of foraging behavior in a patchy environment
Mitchell, K. G., Calton, J. L., Threlkeld, R. C., & Schachtman, T. R. (1996) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(95)00034-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weaker situations: Uncertainty reveals individual differences in learning: Implications for PTSD
Allen, M. T. (2023) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01077-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Partial Predictability in Avoidance Acquisition and Expression of Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Anxiety Vulnerability in Uncertain Situations
Miller, D. P., Allen, M. T., & Servatius, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00848 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
I doubt it is safe: A meta-analysis of self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and threat extinction trainingPreprint
Morriss, J., Wake, S. J., elizabeth, C., & van Reekum, C. M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nrqv6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reconciling Translational Disparities Between Empirical Approaches to Better Understand PTSD
Norrholm, S. D., Cilley, T., & Jovanović, T. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Continuous and Partial Reinforcement on the Acquisition and Generalization of Human-Conditioned Fear
Song, Y., Zhao, S., Rong, M., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Chen, W., Zhang, D., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14080630 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Intra-individual comparison of appetitive trace and delay conditioning in humans across acquisition and extinction
Finke, J. B., Schippers, A. M., & Klucken, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05350-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Erratum to “Behaviorally inhibited individuals demonstrate significantly enhanced conditioned response acquisition under non-optimal learning conditions” [Behav. Brain Res. 261C (2014) 49-55]
Holloway, J. L., Allen, M. T., Myers, C. E., & Servatius, R. J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J micePreprint
Su, A. C. J., Fukunaga, Y., Penna, S. R., & Cazares, V. A. (2025) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.054033.124 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Functional and neural mechanisms of human fear conditioning: studies in healthy and brain-damaged individuals
Battaglia, S. (2020) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/9085
Abstract
(1975) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333271
No effect of partial reinforcement on fear extinction learning and memory in C57BL/6J micePreprint
Su, A. C. J., Fukunaga, Y., Penna, S., & Cazares, V. A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8udn5
Reduced P3 amplitudes during disgust conditioning in individuals with contamination-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Evidence from an analogue study
Wang, J., Zixin, Y. U. A. N., Wikgren, J., Gan, X., Becker, B., Zhou, Y., & Lei, Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121901
Modifying avoidance in social anxiety: The effects of a cognitive-behavioural instruction on extinction learning
Sridhar, S., Biagi, N., & Wake, S. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105088
Concept of Unpaired Extinction for Treating PTSD
Schreurs, B. G., & Burhans, L. B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_18
Early life threat and caregiver-related fear learning in early childhood
Murgueitio, N., McLaughlin, K., Machlin, L., Haughey, C., Sokolik, M., Swarna, P., Patel, K. K., Propper, C. B., Sullivan, R. M., & Sheridan, M. A. (2026) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2026.100859
Concept of Unpaired Extinction for Treating PTSD
Schreurs, B. G., & Burhans, L. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_18-1

Effects of partial reinforcement on conditioning, conditional probabilities, asymptotic performance, and extinction of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response
Gormezano, I., & Coleman, S. R. (1975) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000620 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The partial reinforcement extinction effect depends on learning about nonreinforced trials rather than reinforcement rate.
Harris, J. A., Kwok, D. W. S., & Gottlieb, D. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000220 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of partial reinforcement on acquisition and extinction of the conditioned eyeblink in a masking situation.
Spence, K. W., & Platt, J. R. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024583 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Partial reinforcement and conditioned taste aversion: No evidence for resistance to extinction
Dwyer, D. M., Gasalla, P., & López, M. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2017.1347191 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: Effects of reinforcement schedule on response maintenance and resistance to extinction
Gibbs, C. M., Latham, S. B., & Gormezano, I. (1978) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209603 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Authors: Leonard, D. W.
Corresponding author: Leonard, Dale W.
Venue: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1975
Volume: 88
Issue: 2
Pages: 596-608
ISSN: 0021-9940 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1037/h0076419
OpenAlex: W2008238339
Cited by: 58
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 0.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: partial reinforcement extinction effect, nictitating membrane response, eyeblink conditioning, extinction, discrimination learning, rabbits, research participants, interstimulus interval
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Conditioning, Eyelid, Discrimination Learning, Electroshock, Extinction, Psychological, Humans, Perceptual Masking, Rabbits, Reaction Time, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reinforcement Schedule, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Partial reinforcement effects in classical aversive conditioning in rabbits and human beings.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks