The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 165 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 120 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Mindfulness meditation interventions-which train skills in monitoring present-moment experiences with a lens of acceptance-have shown promise for increasing positive emotions. Using a theory-based approach, we hypothesized that learning acceptance skills in mindfulness interventions helps people notice more positive experiences in daily life, and tested whether removing acceptance training from mindfulness interventions would eliminate intervention-related boosts in positive affect. In 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of stressed community adults, mindfulness skills were dismantled into 2 structurally equivalent interventions: (a) training in both monitoring and acceptance (Monitor + Accept) and (b) training in monitoring only (Monitor Only) without acceptance training. Study 1 tested 8-week group-based Monitor + Accept and Monitor Only interventions compared with a no treatment control group. Study 2 tested 2-week smartphone-based Monitor + Accept and Monitor Only interventions compared with an active control training. In both studies, end-of-day and momentary positive affect and negative affect were measured in daily life for 3 days pre- and post-intervention using ambulatory assessments. As predicted, across 2 RCTs, Monitor + Accept training increased positive affect compared with both Monitor Only and control groups. In Study 1, this effect was observed in end-of-day positive affect. In Study 2, this effect was found in both end-of-day and momentary positive affect outcomes. In contrast, all active interventions in Studies 1 and 2 decreased negative affect. These studies provide the first experimental evidence that developing an orientation of acceptance toward present-moment experiences is a central mechanism of mindfulness interventions for boosting positive emotions in daily life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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68 Not checked yet · 68 Own result · 65 Own method · 42 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In end-of-day diary analyses, an MLM revealed a significant main effect of time (χ2(1)=25.01, p<.0005), no main effect of study condition across time points (χ2(2)=1.48, p=.477), and, consistent with predictions, a significant time × condition interaction for overall positive affect (χ2(2)=10.82, p=.005).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NT control participants did not show increases on any of these subtypes of positive affect (happiness mean change=0.14, p=.435, d=.08; calm mean change=0.24, p=.159, d=.15; vigor mean change=−0.10, p=.557, d=−.06).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, all active interventions in Studies 1 and 2 decreased negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both MA- and MO-trained participants showed significant increases in overall positive affect from baseline to post-intervention (MA mean change=0.71, p<.0005, d=.70; MO mean change=0.36, p=.003, d=.32) whereas control participants did not (NT mean change=0.08, p=.583, d=.06) (see Table 5A).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Study 1, this effect was observed in end-of-day positive affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted by the Monitor+Accept hypothesis, MA participants showed significantly greater increases in overall positive affect compared to MO (χ2(1)=4.12, p=.043, g=.40) and NT participants (χ2(1)=10.35, p=.001, g=.73) (see Figure 3), whereas MO and NT participants did not differ (χ2(1)=2.02, p=.155, g=.33).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA and MO participants did not significantly differ on change in overall negative affect (χ2(1)=2.54, p=.111, g=.31) (see Figure 3).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MO and NT participants did not differ on any of these diary-assessed positive affect subscales (all ps>.10).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Study 2, this effect was found in both end-of-day and momentary positive affect outcomes.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA participants showed significantly greater increases on all positive affect subscales compared to NT participants (happiness: χ2(1)=5.55, p=.019, g=.52; vigor: χ2(1)=10.96, p=.001, g=.73; calm: χ2(1)=6.29, p=.012, g=.56).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 113
- Probably not a substantial claim. 95
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA participants also showed significant decreases in depression (MA mean change=−0.36, p=.011, d=.31) and hostility (MA mean change=−0.48, p<.0005, d=.51), whereas neither MO or control participants showed significant decreases in depression (MO mean change=−0.18, p=.214, d=.12; control mean change=−0.03, p=.881, d=.02) or hostility (MO mean change=−0.08, p=.506, d=.07; control mean change=0.15, p”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both MA and MO participants showed significant increases in feelings of calm (MA mean change=0.80, p<.0005, d=.75; MO mean change=0.58, p<.0005, d=.48), whereas only MA participants showed significant increases in happiness (MA mean change=0.69, p<.0005, d=.58; MO mean change=0.28, p=.059, d=.20) and vigor (MA mean change=0.63, p<.0005, d=.56; MO mean change=0.25, p=.068, d=.20).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, MA participants showed significantly greater decreases in overall negative affect compared NT participants (χ2(1)=8.59, p=.003, g=.66), whereas MO and NT participants did not significantly differ (χ2(1)=2.29, p=.130, g=.35).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant advantage of MA over MO in increasing happiness (χ2(1)=4.08, p=.043, g=.39), with no significant differences on increasing feelings of vigor (χ2(1)=3.71, p=.054, g=.37) or calm (χ2(1)=1.28, p=.257, g=.22).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, both MA and MO training decreased negative affect, with less evidence that the inclusion of acceptance training appreciably reduces negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA participants showed significantly greater increases in state positive affect compared to NT participants (χ2(1)=15.10, p<.0005, g=.95), as did MO participants relative to NT participants (χ2(1)=8.48, p=.004, g=.68).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no main effect of study condition across baseline and post-intervention time points (χ2(2)=0.54, p=.764), and no time × condition interaction (χ2(2)=4.75, p=.093) (see Tables 4A and 5A).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both MA- and MO-trained participants showed significant decreases in overall negative affect from baseline to post-intervention (MA mean change=−0.54, p<.0005, d=.58; MO mean change=−0.29, p=.008, d=.27), whereas control participants did not (NT mean change=−0.02, p=.859, d=.02).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, Study 1 provides initial support for the primary Monitor + Accept hypothesis, showing that the inclusion of acceptance skills training has added benefit for boosting positive affect in mindfulness interventions.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA showed an advantage over NT specifically for hostility (χ2(1)=10.75, p=.001, g=.73) and anxiety (χ2(1)=6.70, p=.010, g=.58) but not feelings related to depression (χ2(1)=2.16, p=.142, d=.33).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both MA- and MO-trained participants showed significant increases in momentary positive affect from baseline to post-intervention (MA mean change=0.61, p<.0005, d=.61; MO mean change=0.49, p<.0005, d=.43) whereas control participants did not (NT mean change=0.09, p=.434, d=.09) (see Table 5A).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with changes in overall negative affect, both MA and MO participants showed significant decreases in anxiety (MA mean change=−0.79, p<.0005, d=.58; MO mean change=−0.62, p<.0005, d=.39) whereas control participants did not (NT mean change=−0.19, p=.281, d=.10).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medium-large effects were observed after MA training (ds=.39-.70), small-medium effects after MO training (ds=.15-.36), and very small effects after control training (ds=.01-.22).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But there was a relationship between day of the week and positive and negative affect in this sample; there was a main effect of day of week on momentary positive affect (χ2(5)=16.10, p=.007), on diary-assessed positive affect (χ2(5)=15.01, p=.010), and on diary-assessed negative affect (χ2(5)=13.72, p=.018).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with changes in overall positive affect, both MA and MO participants showed significant increases in happiness (MA mean change=0.75, p<.0005, d=.65; MO mean change=0.29, p=.011, d=.25), calm (MA mean change=0.75, p<.0005, d=.67; MO mean change=0.35, p=.002, d=.31), and vigor (MA mean change=0.59, p<.0005, d=.52; MO mean change=0.41, p<.0005, d=.36), whereas control participants did not”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“supporting the Monitor + Accept hypothesis, acceptance training appears to be a key ingredient for this effect. When acceptance training was not included in the mindfulness intervention, positive affect benefits were significantly reduced.”
- Also stated in: § General Discussion · plain
“removing acceptance skills training from mindfulness interventions significantly reduced positive affect benefits (approximately halving the magnitude of effects).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § General Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For diary-assessed positive and negative affect outcomes, empty 2-level models showed that 34-48% of the total variance occurred between individuals, whereas 52-66% of variance occurred within individuals.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For momentary positive and negative affect outcomes, 21-32% of the total variance occurred between individuals, 5-7% was explained at the day level, and 63-72% occurred within individuals.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In diary assessment analyses, an MLM revealed a significant main effect of time (χ2(1)=38.02, p<.0005), no main effect of study condition across time (χ2(2)=2.25, p=.325), and, as predicted, a significant time × condition effect on overall positive affect (χ2(2)=12.67, p=.002).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences were magnified in end-of-day reports and were specific to feelings of happiness (i.e., happy, pleased, cheerful) across the two trials.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two studies showed similar medium-to-large effect sizes on positive affect outcomes (ds=.70 for diary-assessed positive emotions; ds=.61 and .39 for momentary positive affect)”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both of these interventions reduced anxious affect and momentary negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the evidence here supports the Monitor + Accept hypothesis, showing a benefit of MA over MO training for boosting positive affect across Studies 1 and 2, there is also some indication that training in Monitoring Only is moderately effective for increasing positive affect and reducing negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the study findings supported the Monitor + Accept hypothesis concerning increases in positive emotions, there was not compelling support for the secondary hypothesis concerning the contribution of acceptance training on reducing daily life negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, reductions in negative affect were observed across all three interventions in Study 2, with no advantage of MA training over MO or active placebo-controlled training.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no evidence that training in monitoring skills intensified negative affectivity, an important revision to MAT (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“across both studies, MA tended to decrease negative affect more than MO, and MO tended to be superior to both active and no treatment control groups.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings were consistent across different lengths of training (2 weeks vs. 8 weeks), different delivery methods (in-person group-based vs. individual smartphone-based), and different instructors and instructional techniques (MBSR-based instruction vs. Unified Mindfulness instruction).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two large pre-registered clinical trials conceptually replicated the basic finding that mindfulness interventions can increase positive emotions in diverse samples of stressed adults, with acceptance skills being particularly important for promoting these effects.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is some indication that experiential acceptance promotes positive emotional experience (Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006; Kashdan & Breen, 2007; Kratz, Davis, & Zautra, 2007), although acceptance by itself may not be sufficient for enhancing positive affect (Ford, Lam, John, & Mauss, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kashdan & Breen, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Kratz, Davis, & Zautra, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT) is a new theoretical account that offers two competing predictions about how the basic components of mindfulness interventions – monitoring and acceptance skills – interact to impact affective outcomes (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These tendencies are magnified during periods of stress, which tends to narrow attention to focus on stress-relevant stimuli to the exclusion of pleasant and neutral stimuli (Derryberry & Tucker, 1994).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Derryberry & Tucker, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, orienting toward all experiences with receptivity, openness, and acceptance may reduce these attentional biases (Kiken & Shook, 2011), broaden awareness (Garland, Hanley, Goldin, & Gross, 2017), and afford greater access to positive stimuli that might otherwise go unnoticed.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiken & Shook, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Garland, Hanley, Goldin, & Gross, 2017
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In some cases, however, this tendency has also been associated with positive happiness-related outcomes (e.g., higher satisfaction with life and personal growth; Chopko & Schwartz, 2009; Christopher & Gilbert, 2010).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chopko & Schwartz, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Christopher & Gilbert, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bringing an attitude of acceptance and receptivity toward momentary experiences may broaden awareness and open individuals to the many positive stimuli available in daily life, increasing positive affect overall.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, some well-controlled studies suggest that mindfulness interventions are no more effective than active control interventions for reducing negative affect (e.g., Davis & Zautra, 2013).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Mindfulness and Emotional Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis & Zautra, 2013
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, ambulatory assessment approaches (Smyth, Juth, Ma, & Sliwinski, 2017) suffer much less from retrospective memory biases, tap affective experiences in real world contexts, and are more predictive of health outcomes (Conner & Feldman Barrett, 2012).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Mindfulness and Emotional Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smyth, Juth, Ma, & Sliwinski, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Conner & Feldman Barrett, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, MAT posits that monitoring and acceptance skills work synergistically to boost positive emotions (Lindsay & Creswell, 2015).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, evidence on the affective consequences of monitoring is mixed, linking self-reported monitoring skills to both positive and negative affective outcomes, and highlighting the need for experimental manipulation of monitoring training in isolation.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all of these cases, acceptance begins to transform how one relates to present-moment experiences, ultimately changing the scope of attention and the nature of experience.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is common for the mind to drift away from focusing on the body, and practice in repeatedly bringing attention back to the body develops skill in monitoring.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also common for monitoring practice to be effortful, uncomfortable, or frustrating as attention continues to wander or narrow in on feelings of agitation or discomfort in the body.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although mindfulness is canonically described as a state of clear awareness (Quaglia, Brown, Lindsay, Creswell, & Goodman, 2014), acceptance training is considered an integral part of third-wave acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions (Hayes, 2004; Mennin, Ellard, Fresco, & Gross, 2013).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Quaglia, Brown, Lindsay, Creswell, & Goodman, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Mennin, Ellard, Fresco, & Gross, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experientially, orienting toward one’s experience with acceptance creates a sense of openness, broadening the scope of awareness and freeing attention to notice and savor pleasant experiences in the moment.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet retrospective report of global affect is often an inaccurate reflection of experienced emotional states, with negative emotions tending to outweigh positive emotions in memory (Thomas & Diener, 1990).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Mindfulness and Emotional Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas & Diener, 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attention monitoring and acceptance are the two basic components described in numerous scientific definitions of mindfulness (e.g., Bishop et al., 2004) and the two unique elements of mindfulness interventions that distinguish them from other therapeutic interventions (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bishop et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A larger body of research has investigated the effects of mindfulness interventions on decreasing negative affect, with evidence that mindfulness practice from 5 minutes to 8 weeks reduces negative affectivity (Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011; Khoury et al., 2013; Schumer, Lindsay, & Creswell, in press).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Mindfulness and Emotional Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Khoury et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Schumer, Lindsay, & Creswell, in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By bringing greater awareness to present-moment sensory experiences (e.g., body sensations, mental images and dialogue, sounds in the environment), attention monitoring has been theorized to intensify both positive and negative affective experiences (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although mindfulness meditation does not involve intentionally generating positive thoughts and feelings, recent theorizing posits that positive affect, growth, and flourishing can emerge following mindfulness practice (Garland, Farb, Goldin, & Fredrickson, 2015a).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Garland, Farb, Goldin, & Fredrickson, 2015a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, 81 of 98 participants (82.7%) attended at least 6 of the 9 possible classes and only 9 participants (9.2%) attended fewer than half of the classes.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample size was determined based on power calculations for primary stress reduction outcomes of the larger trial.”
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
“To achieve 90% power, G*Power calculated a total of N=120 participants needed to test the primary study aims using omnibus tests.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 120- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Methods · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive (e.g., “how successful do you think this program will be in reducing your stress symptoms?”) and emotional (e.g., “how much improvement in your symptoms do you think will occur?”) subscales were averaged to create an overall measure of positive treatment expectancies (Cronbach’s α=.91, .92, and .91 at Weeks 1, 4, and 8 respectively).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants who completed the intervention were highly adherent, with no condition differences in the number of classes attended (F(1,96)=0.00, p=.983). On average, participants attended 7.44 of the 9 possible classes (8 weekly classes plus the day-long retreat).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, participants logged 12 hours of home practice (in 26 practice sessions) during the 8-week intervention period.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 98- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no condition differences in compliance with the ambulatory assessment protocols at baseline (F(2,133)=0.91, p=.404) or post-intervention (F(2,133)=2.49, p=.087).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To minimize contamination (i.e., acceptance content), a MO curriculum guide was used by both teachers that included learning intentions, themes, session activities, and facilitator intentions. The curriculum guide included specific reminders regarding language and focus on concentration and monitoring practices.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Positive and negative affect were assessed in greater detail at the end of each day for three days both pre- and post-intervention using a previously validated scale (Cohen et al., 2003; Usala & Hertzog, 1989).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Usala & Hertzog, 1989
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, 92% of randomized participants completed the study, with no condition differences in number of drop-outs (χ2(2)=3.37, p=.186).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The present studies employed a dismantling paradigm, an approach that has been recommended to identify the active components of mindfulness interventions (Britton et al., 2017; Davidson & Dahl, 2017; Williams et al., 2014; Williams, Russell, & Russell, 2008).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Overview of experimental approach
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britton et al., 2017
- Not checked yetcites Davidson & Dahl, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were allocated into one of three study conditions using a computerized random number generator in simple randomization with a 3:3:2 ratio, with the ratios corresponding to MA, MO, and NT, respectively. Randomization procedures were implemented separately for each cohort (N=42; N=55; N=40).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, though, the evidence suggests that the inclusion of acceptance training more effectively boosts positive affect, with medium-large effects attributed to MA (ds=.61-.70) and small-medium effects attributable to MO (ds=.32-.43).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The MO program successfully excluded acceptance-related content, so that MA and MO differ primarily in acceptance skills training.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For diary-assessed positive and negative affect outcomes, empty 2-level models showed that 33-55% of the total variance occurred between individuals, while 45-67% of the variance occurred within individuals. For EMA affect outcomes, 20-36% of the total variance occurred between individuals, 5-7% was explained at the day-level, and 58-75% of the variance occurred within individuals. The substantial”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Allowing oneself to engage and disengage with positive, negative, and neutral experiences equally may make negative experiences less overpowering (Catalino, Arenander, Epel, & Puterman, 2017), and subtle pleasant somatic sensations and emotions may become more perceptible (Farb et al., 2010).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Psychological Mechanisms: How Monitoring and Acceptance Impact Affective Experience
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Catalino, Arenander, Epel, & Puterman, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Farb et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLMs model all available data and provide unbiased estimates for data missing at random; thus, MLMs are robust to missing data.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the instructors also developed the modified MO program, they were not completely blind to the general study hypotheses, but were unaware of the specific measures used to test hypotheses.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This smartphone format provided maximal experimental control in isolating the components of mindfulness training and further controlled for many non-mindfulness-specific treatment components (e.g., placebo expectancies, daily time and effort, instructor effects, social environment).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Overview of experimental approach
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allocation sequence was concealed, such that only author AGCW had access to the sequence and otherwise was not involved with the running of the study and had no contact with participants other than to assign them to the next condition in the randomization sequence.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we conservatively estimated a small effect size (η2=0.02) for comparing the two active mindfulness training programs on changes in psychological stress (i.e., a group × time interaction). We estimated a pre-post correlation of .60 and a conservative two-tailed Type I error rate of .05.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carson, Carson, Gil, & Baucom, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Creswell, Pacilio, Lindsay, & Brown, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Rahl, Lindsay, Pacilio, Brown, & Creswell, 2017
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of class time spent in meditation practice was equivalent in MA and MO programs.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MA participants tended to practice at home more than MO participants over the course of the 8-week intervention (Mdiff = 2.85 hours), but home practice did not significantly differ between conditions (F(1,96)=2.97, p=.088).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
hedgedn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“N=133 participants were included in diary analyses and 136 were included in momentary assessment analyses.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 133- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 107 participants assigned to one of the two study interventions, 98 completed the intervention (91.6%).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all study procedures were approved by the Carnegie Mellon University IRB.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial enrollment concluded as planned following the launch of the third cohort because recruitment goals had been reached.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach is sensitive to dynamic affective processes that occur in a person’s natural environment, and tested for changes in both momentary and end-of-day positive and negative affect from pre- to post-intervention.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Overview of experimental approach
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, MA showed a significant advantage over MO for decreasing diary-assessed hostility, suggesting some additive benefit of acceptance skills training on negative affect.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The MO program successfully excluded acceptance-related content, so that MA and MO differ primarily in acceptance skills training.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The study design and outcomes described here were pre-registered with Clinical Trials identifier NCT02502227; hypotheses were guided by MAT (Lindsay & Creswell, 2015, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 137 randomized participants, 124 completed at least one post-intervention daily diary and 125 completed at least one post-intervention momentary assessment (see Figure 1A for CONSORT flow chart).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plainn = 137- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, participants included in analyses completed 58% of surveys at baseline and 79% at post-intervention.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ambulatory assessment data reported here were not analyzed until the complete dataset was collected.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, the Coping control program was designed to be useful for managing stress by reinforcing common reappraisal and coping strategies (see Carver et al., 1989; Ochsner & Gross, 2005) without training mindfulness, and was included to control for nonspecific effects of undergoing an active training program, such as treatment expectancies and daily practice toward the goal of reducing stress.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver et al., 1989
- Not checked yetcites Ochsner & Gross, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two mindfulness meditation programs were designed to systematically parse mindfulness instruction in (1) attention monitoring and (2) acceptance.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“hypotheses were guided by MAT (Lindsay & Creswell, 2015, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2015, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, participants in all conditions were adequately adherent to both baseline and post-intervention ambulatory assessments, on average completing 91% of baseline surveys and 86% of post-intervention surveys.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants were blind to study condition, and study staff were blind to condition in 76% of baseline sessions3.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the post-intervention assessment took place an average of 4.66±1.88 days after the end of the intervention, with no differences between conditions (F(2,146)=1.03, p=.360).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, 2-level models were used for diary data and 3-level models were used for EMA data.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study design and outcomes described here were pre-registered with Clinical Trials identifier NCT02433431”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, participants completed 13.49 of the 14 lessons, and 75% of participants completed all 14 lessons (1.3% of participants completed fewer than 10 lessons).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using G*Power, we estimated a total of N=147 participants were needed to detect post-intervention omnibus differences between three study conditions at 80% power using ANOVAs (the primary trial outcome), and N=120 were needed to detect group × time interactions estimating a pre-post correlation of .60 and a two-tailed Type I error rate of .05 (Faul et al., 2007).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Faul et al., 2007
hedgedn = 147- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that negative affective states, as measured here, do not closely correspond to states of distress and other negative emotions assessed in clinical populations”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Happiness is known to improve personal relationships, career satisfaction, health, and overall satisfaction with life (Lyubomirsky, King, et al., 2005; Pressman & Cohen, 2005).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyubomirsky, King, et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Pressman & Cohen, 2005
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 153 participants (for all of whom baseline data was available), 150 completed the intervention, 149 completed post-intervention EMA, 148 provided post-intervention diary data, and 149 provided data at a post-intervention lab assessment.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plainn = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all study procedures were approved by the Carnegie Mellon University IRB.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study suggests that mindfulness interventions uniquely enhance positive affect but may have little relative benefit for reducing negative affect above and beyond other placebo-controlled active treatments.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its high rates of participant retention (98%) and treatment adherence (96%) compared to longer group-based mindfulness interventions.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ambulatory assessment data reported here were not analyzed until the complete dataset was collected.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The intervention programs were developed in collaboration with leading mindfulness teacher Shinzen Young and were based on his Unified Mindfulness system (Young, 2016).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Young, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subject IDs were assigned sequentially, and author EKL used a computerized random number generator to pre-assign one of three condition codes to each ID in blocks of 8, 16, or 24 using a 3:3:2 randomization sequence (MA:MO:control).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To equalize expectancies at the baseline appointment, all participants viewed the same 5-minute introductory video explaining how to prepare for and what to expect in the training program, and “mindfulness” was not mentioned during the study period.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To maximize experimental control in isolating the effects of monitoring and acceptance instruction, all three interventions were delivered by the same female instructor (who was blind to hypotheses) and were matched on attentional demand (i.e., active listening and guided practice), length of each lesson, lesson structure (i.e., proportion of time devoted to didactics, guidance, and silent”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no condition differences in the counterbalance of ambulatory assessment days (χ2(2)=3.10, p=.21).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This counterbalance distributed weekdays and weekend days equally between baseline and post-intervention assessments and enabled the collection of post-intervention ambulatory assessments immediately following the intervention.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, previous studies indicate that brief mindfulness practice increases attention to positive stimuli (Kiken & Shook, 2011) and magnifies positive affective experience (Erisman & Roemer, 2010)”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kiken & Shook, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Erisman & Roemer, 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, participants in all conditions were highly adherent to the training programs, with no condition differences in treatment adherence (F(2,146)=0.40, p=.670).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they demonstrate the efficacy and value of short-term smartphone-based mindfulness interventions for increasing well-being in populations who may not have access to in-person mindfulness programs.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sample size was determined for primary stress reduction outcomes in the larger clinical trial (Lindsay, Young, Smyth, Brown, & Creswell, 2018).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay, Young, Smyth, Brown, & Creswell, 2018
plainn = 147- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, day of week was included as a covariate in all EMA analyses.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this assessment, there were no condition differences in treatment expectancies (F(2,146)=1.55, p=.22), indicating similar perceptions of treatment benefits across all three training conditions.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study attrition was low, with a 2% participant drop-out rate and no condition differences in study drop-outs (χ2(2)=1.42, p=.491).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, smartphone-based mindfulness training approaches may reduce some of the practical and psychological barriers associated with more intensive group-based mindfulness interventions, while delivering similar benefits for positive emotions.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 2 > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, formal mindfulness practice focuses on noticing momentary emotions, thoughts, and sensations (i.e., monitoring) and observing each experience with equal receptivity regardless of affective content (i.e., acceptance); maintaining this equanimous, even-tempered attitude can trigger subtle pleasant emotions that carry over into daily life.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, changes in self processes may be an important pathway linking mindfulness skills with positive emotions and other intra- and interpersonal outcomes (Vago & Silbersweig, 2012).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vago & Silbersweig, 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“From a health psychology perspective, reductions in distress are one important pathway linking mindfulness training with improvements in physical health (Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creswell & Lindsay, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“recent evidence suggests that, although acceptance by itself is linked with lower negative affect, it is unrelated to positive affect (Ford et al., 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ford et al., 2017
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fourth, when all affective experiences are treated with acceptance and equanimity, an array of subtle pleasant emotions and sensations can be savored as they unfold in each moment (Bryant, Chadwick, & Kluwe, 2011; Kiken, Lundberg, & Fredrickson, 2017) without being disrupted by a desire to prolong or cling to positive experiences.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bryant, Chadwick, & Kluwe, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Kiken, Lundberg, & Fredrickson, 2017
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, it is possible that, over longer periods of practice, systematic training in monitoring momentary experience becomes equally as effective as explicitly learning to monitor these experiences with acceptance.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pathways explaining how monitoring and acceptance increase positive affect were not directly tested here, but should be evaluated in future research”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, practicing nonreactivity toward one’s inner experiences may begin to retrain habitual reactivity to affective stimuli in the environment, further encouraging the attunement of attention to positive cues and experiences of positive affect in daily life.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By detecting and untangling emotions and sensations in the present moment, monitoring practice by itself may promote clarity and reduce sensory overload.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The importance of acceptance in contemporary mindfulness interventions is the topic of ongoing debate among mindfulness intervention researchers and contemplative scientists (e.g., Bodhi, 2011; Dreyfus, 2011; Dunne, 2011; Grossman & Van Dam, 2011).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bodhi, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Dreyfus, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Dunne, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the present findings contribute to a second, less explored pathway highlighting the capacity for mindfulness to generate positive affect (Garland, Farb, et al., 2015a) and potentially promote mental health and well-being.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Garland, Farb, et al., 2015a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of course, it is also plausible that different forms of mindfulness training and coping skills training are equally effective in reducing negative affect; attention regulation (trained in the MA and MO programs), acceptance (trained in the MA program), and reappraisal (trained in the Coping control program) are all considered effective emotion regulation strategies for reducing negative affect”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Wolgast, Lundh, & Viborg, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Kohl, Rief, & Glombiewski, 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, this self-transcendence may encourage greater connection with others (Lindsay & Creswell, 2014), promoting compassion and prosocial behaviors (Berry et al., 2018; Condon, Desbordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2013).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Berry et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Condon, Desbordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it is possible that the acute positive emotions resulting from meditation practice may begin to retune the attentional system toward positive cues in the environment (Todd, Cunningham, Anderson, & Thompson, 2012).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Todd, Cunningham, Anderson, & Thompson, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, positive emotions may reduce the risk of depression relapse (Wichers et al., 2010), suggesting that mindfulness training with an emphasis on acceptance techniques might help to reduce relapse risk.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wichers et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“though a large literature shows that mindfulness training is effective for reducing psychological distress (Keng et al., 2011) and symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety in normative and clinical populations (Khoury et al., 2013)”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keng et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Khoury et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing concrete techniques for training acceptance skills, as done in these studies, may further encourage such adjuvant treatment.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, positive emotions themselves are known to propagate more positive emotions (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Or, the negative affect measures reported here could have been relatively insensitive to changes in appraisal processes surrounding the experience of negative emotion that monitoring and acceptance skills might target (e.g., negative affect is experienced as less problematic).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings also contribute to the evidence base of positive psychological interventions by helping to establish the effectiveness of mindfulness training for increasing positive emotions and identifying key features of this intervention (i.e., acceptance) that promote these effects (Ivtzan & Lomas, 2016).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ivtzan & Lomas, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, in the domain of emotion regulation, this work extends previous research showing that both acceptance and cognitive change (i.e., reappraisal; Ochsner & Gross, 2005) strategies are effective for regulating negative emotions, but that mindful acceptance strategies may be more useful for boosting positive emotions.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ochsner & Gross, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, learning to accept present-moment experiences may initiate both stress reduction (Lindsay et al., 2018) and positive affect gains with downstream benefits for physical health.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay et al., 2018
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the trait tendency to monitor present experience has been linked with negative affectivity (e.g., Desrosiers et al., 2014; Pearson et al., 2015), meditation practice that develops monitoring skills is not detrimental and may instead lead to adaptive outcomes (Lindsay et al., 2018).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Desrosiers et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Pearson et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay et al., 2018
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, it is possible that the types of positive affect fostered through mindfulness training may broaden one’s attention, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that build lasting resources and reinforce positive states (Fredrickson, 1998, 2013).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredrickson, 1998, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indeed, the negative affect results in particular may have been influenced by high treatment expectancies across all interventions, as the trainings were described to participants as stress management programs.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In social psychology, positive emotional experience is known to have important influences on social behavior and relationships, career success, decision making, satisfaction with life, and resilience (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005)”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyubomirsky et al., 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, developing mindful acceptance skills might promote a more stable sense of self-worth (Crocker & Knight, 2005) by reducing self-evaluative processing (Farb et al., 2007) and ego-involvement with present-moment experience (Brown & Leary, 2016).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crocker & Knight, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Farb et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Brown & Leary, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that the studies lacked power to detect small differential effects of the interventions on negative affect”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of Buddhist practice traditions that include mindfulness training do not include acceptance as an explicit element (Bodhi, 2011), yet secular mindfulness-based interventions include both awareness and acceptance training (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bodhi, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practice in monitoring may begin to engender an implicit attitude of acceptance and equanimity toward experiences that both reduces the potency of negative emotions and allows positive stimuli to be noticed more frequently and savored in the moment.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, clinical research and theory has likewise described how an objective and decentered perspective toward experiences can be an important mechanism of change following mindfulness-based therapy (Fresco et al., 2007; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002; van der Velden et al., 2015).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fresco et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002
- Not checked yetcites van der Velden et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Theoretically, monitoring and acceptance skills work together to boost positive emotions; acceptance may allow more positive stimuli to enter awareness, but monitoring is also necessary to deeply attend to and appreciate these stimuli in the present moment (Lindsay & Creswell, 2015).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindsay & Creswell, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, it is unclear whether continued mindfulness practice is necessary for maintaining these benefits.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“mindfulness training, and acceptance skills in particular, may help to reduce fixation on stressful stimuli, broaden the scope of awareness, and allow greater access to positive stimuli specifically among stressed adults (Garland, Farb, et al., 2015a).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Garland, Farb, et al., 2015a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the ability to implement mindfulness skills in daily life may fade without continued practice; formal meditation practice may be necessary to preserve training-based increases in mindfulness skills and positive affect over an extended time.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, stress tends to narrow attentional focus to threat-relevant features (e.g., Chajut & Algom, 2003; Derryberry & Tucker, 1994), limiting the ability to notice positive cues”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chajut & Algom, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Derryberry & Tucker, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, neither study included a long-term follow-up assessment; increases in positive affect following mindfulness training might remain stable, continue to build, or decrease over time.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the study samples included men and women across a wide range of ages, from 18-67 years in Study 1 and 18-65 years in Study 2, and the other demographic characteristics were generally representative of the larger Pittsburgh metropolitan area.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the studies emphasize the importance of learning to accept present-moment experiences for enhancing happiness, and suggest that mindfulness interventions may be tailored toward boosting positive emotions and their associated benefits.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we recruited participants who reported an above average level of perceived stress.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, more work is needed to develop manipulation checks of monitoring and acceptance skill development in mindfulness interventions, given current debates about whether existing self-report measures of mindfulness skills have suitable discriminant validity (e.g., Goldberg et al., 2016; Visted, Vøllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2014).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goldberg et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Visted, Vøllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fourth, participants were smartphone owners, which may have limited our ability to reach a representative sample of lower SES and older adults (e.g., Poushter, 2016), although smartphone ownership is very high and continues to rise in these populations (e.g., Smith, 2015, 2017).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poushter, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2015, 2017
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, it is important to acknowledge that mindfulness training is not the sole route to happiness, and it is currently unclear whether mindfulness training would have similar benefits for people who are high in trait positive emotionality, optimism, extraversion, self-esteem, or self-enhancement (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, mindfulness interventions—and acceptance training in particular—foster a new lens through which to view one’s experiences in daily life, which may alter attitudes and behaviors in ways that build positive emotions and provide feedback to reinforce this mindful perspective (Walton & Wilson, in press).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walton & Wilson, in press
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that stressed populations might have more room for intervention-related improvements in positive affect, although participants in both studies reported moderate baseline levels of positive affect on average.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the context of mindfulness interventions, acceptance is defined in relation to present-moment experiences; while attention monitoring can be practiced without explicit acceptance training, practicing an accepting attitude toward momentary body sensations and emotions fundamentally relies on first bringing attention to these experiences.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Guided by a novel theoretical account, we conducted two pre-registered dismantling trials to test how the basic components of mindfulness interventions boost positive affect among stressed community adults.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, educational attainment was higher than the national average particularly in Study 1, a factor that may relate to higher adherence or motivation toward intervention content.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, this research was conducted in a Western cultural context that values positive self-representation; Monitor+Accept mindfulness intervention effects may be more pronounced in East Asian cultural contexts where people are more prone to self-criticism (Heine & Hamamura, 2007), a tendency that acceptance training targets (e.g., Gilbert & Procter, 2006).”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heine & Hamamura, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Gilbert & Procter, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this regard, smartphone-based delivery of mindfulness instruction offers a convenient and, as such, promising means to promote ongoing practice.”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > General Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanisms through which mindfulness training enhances positive affective experience remain largely unknown.
“Still, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of mindfulness training that promote positive affective experience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness meditation does not intentionally generate positive thoughts and feelings.
“Although mindfulness meditation does not involve intentionally generating positive thoughts and feelings”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ambulatory assessment data are missing at random, so that the multilevel models' estimates are unbiased.
“MLMs model all available data and provide unbiased estimates for data missing at random; thus, MLMs are robust to missing data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The MO program successfully excluded acceptance-related content, so that MA and MO differ primarily in acceptance skills training.
“Of note, although the language and practices associated with acceptance were excised as much as possible from MO, the teachers embodied the acceptance and inclusion that are essential to cultivating a safe learning environment for participants.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“State-of-the-art dismantling trials are increasingly used to further mechanistic understanding of MBIs, though studies have produced mixed results [26,27,57,58].”
From 10-Week Trajectories of Candidate Psychological Processes Differentially Predict Mental Health Gains from Online Dyadic versus Mindfulness Interventions: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These were derived from the same parent study in which MBSR was dismantled by removing the acceptance training skills from the full program in order to compare the effect of present moment monitoring plus an attitude of acceptance versus present moment monitoring alone (Chin, Lindsay, Greco, Brown, Smyth, Wright, et al., 2019; Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018).”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent randomized controlled trials also provide experimental evidence that positive emotions may increase following mindfulness training and posit that this effect is the result of developing acceptance toward present-moment experiences (Lindsay et al., 2018).”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Lindsay et al., 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness based practices also improve positive affect 238 .”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [238]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This proposition has been confirmed by recent work [5,26,27,28].”
In the citing paper
“Compared to the MO group, the MA group increased to a greater extent on daily diary positive affect ratings (overall positive affect, happiness; gs= .46 - .54) and momentary positive affect ratings (g= .41).”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“participants in the MA group exhibited improved cardiovascular stress reactivity compared to both the MO and control groups.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“those in the MA group had significantly lower peak cortisol levels after the mTSST task than the MO group (ds= .50 - .51) and control group (ds= .55 - .62), and there was no significant difference in peak cortisol level between the MO group and control group.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“the MA had lower systolic blood pressure during the mTSST than the MO group (d= .41) and control group (d= .72). This effect was not observed for diastolic blood pressure during the task.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“There were no significant differences in self-reported stress between any of the three conditions.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The control group did not report an increase in either daily diary or momentary positive affect.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This study provides important evidence that a 14-day smartphone program impacts cardiovascular stress reactivity during a social-evaluative stress induction, and that training acceptance of experiences is a critical component driving these outcomes.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“participants in both the MA and MO conditions significantly increased daily diary positive affect ratings (overall positive affect, happiness, calm, vigor; MA: ds= .52 - .70; MO: ds= .25 - .35) and momentary positive affect ratings (MA: d= .39; MO: d= .15) from pre- to post-program.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“researchers show that those randomized to the condition including acceptance had significantly improved outcomes in terms of positive affect, negative affect, daily stress, social interactions, and physiological stress reactivity compared to the monitoring only and control conditions”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The control group and MO group were not statistically different from one another in their positive affect rating changes.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“researchers show that those randomized to the condition including acceptance had significantly improved outcomes in terms of positive affect, negative affect, daily stress, social interactions, and physiological stress reactivity compared to the monitoring only and control conditions”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Together, these results suggest that without acceptance skills training, present moment monitoring has a mild effect, but acceptance skills training is the active ingredient for improving positive affect.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“they found that the acceptance component of their MBP reduced cardiovascular but not self-reported stress.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Young, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“there was a main effect of time on daily and momentary negative affect ratings such that participants on average reported less negative affect from pre- to post-program, but there was no effect of group.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This may indicate that all three types of programs were active for reducing negative affect.”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay, Chin, et al., 2018
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“χ2(2)=10.82, p=.005”
§ How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials > Study 1 > Methods
Reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .004
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(2) = 10.82reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2(2)=10.82, p = .005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 3.37reported p = .186 · recomputed p = .185
“χ2(2)=3.37, p = .186”
- ConsistentF(1, 96) = 0reported p = .983 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F(1,96)=0.00, p = .983”
- ConsistentF(1, 96) = 2.97reported p = .088 · recomputed p = .088
“F(1,96)=2.97, p = .088”
- ConsistentF(2, 133) = 0.91reported p = .404 · recomputed p = .405
“F(2,133)=0.91, p = .404”
- ConsistentF(2, 133) = 2.49reported p = .087 · recomputed p = .087
“F(2,133)=2.49, p = .087”
- ConsistentF(1, 98) = 0.15reported p = .7 · recomputed p = .699
“F(1,98)=0.15, p = .700”
- ConsistentF(1, 93) = 0.25reported p = .617 · recomputed p = .618
“F(1,93)=0.25, p = .617”
- ConsistentF(1, 93) = 0.1reported p = .758 · recomputed p = .753
“F(1,93)=0.10, p = .758”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 25.01reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=25.01, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.48reported p = .477 · recomputed p = .477
“χ2(2)=1.48, p = .477”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 4.12reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .042
“χ2(1)=4.12, p = .043”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 10.35reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2(1)=10.35, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 2.02reported p = .155 · recomputed p = .155
“χ2(1)=2.02, p = .155”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 4.08reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .043
“χ2(1)=4.08, p = .043”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 3.71reported p = .054 · recomputed p = .054
“χ2(1)=3.71, p = .054”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.28reported p = .257 · recomputed p = .258
“χ2(1)=1.28, p = .257”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.55reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .018
“χ2(1)=5.55, p = .019”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 10.96reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=10.96, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 6.29reported p = .012 · recomputed p = .012
“χ2(1)=6.29, p = .012”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 57.46reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=57.46, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 0.81reported p = .666 · recomputed p = .667
“χ2(2)=0.81, p = .666”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 15.23reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(2)=15.23, p = .001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.25reported p = .263 · recomputed p = .264
“χ2(1)=1.25, p = .263”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 15.1reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=15.10, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.48reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2(1)=8.48, p = .004”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 16.61reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=16.61, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 0.17reported p = .918 · recomputed p = .919
“χ2(2)=0.17, p = .918”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 8.7reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013
“χ2(2)=8.70, p = .013”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 2.54reported p = .111 · recomputed p = .111
“χ2(1)=2.54, p = .111”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.59reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(1)=8.59, p = .003”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 2.29reported p = .13 · recomputed p = .130
“χ2(1)=2.29, p = .130”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.33reported p = .021 · recomputed p = .021
“χ2(1)=5.33, p = .021”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.65reported p = .42 · recomputed p = .420
“χ2(1)=0.65, p = .420”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.82reported p = .365 · recomputed p = .365
“χ2(1)=0.82, p = .365”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 10.75reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2(1)=10.75, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 6.7reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“χ2(1)=6.70, p = .010”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 2.16reported p = .142 · recomputed p = .142
“χ2(1)=2.16, p = .142”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 3.5reported p = .061 · recomputed p = .061
“χ2(1)=3.50, p = .061”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.44reported p = .508 · recomputed p = .507
“χ2(1)=0.44, p = .508”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.49reported p = .222 · recomputed p = .222
“χ2(1)=1.49, p = .222”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 30.53reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=30.53, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 0.54reported p = .764 · recomputed p = .763
“χ2(2)=0.54, p = .764”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 4.75reported p = .093 · recomputed p = .093
“χ2(2)=4.75, p = .093”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.42reported p = .491 · recomputed p = .492
“χ2(2)=1.42, p = .491”
- ConsistentF(2, 146) = 0.4reported p = .67 · recomputed p = .671
“F(2,146)=0.40, p = .670”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 3.1reported p = .21 · recomputed p = .212
“χ2(2)=3.10, p = .21”
- Consistentχ²(5) = 16.1reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007
“χ2(5)=16.10, p = .007”
- Consistentχ²(5) = 15.01reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“χ2(5)=15.01, p = .010”
- Consistentχ²(5) = 13.72reported p = .018 · recomputed p = .017
“χ2(5)=13.72, p = .018”
- ConsistentF(2, 146) = 1.03reported p = .36 · recomputed p = .360
“F(2,146)=1.03, p = .360”
- ConsistentF(2, 146) = 1.55reported p = .22 · recomputed p = .216
“F(2,146)=1.55, p = .22”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 38.02reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=38.02, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 2.25reported p = .325 · recomputed p = .325
“χ2(2)=2.25, p = .325”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 12.67reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“χ2(2)=12.67, p = .002”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 6.17reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013
“χ2(1)=6.17, p = .013”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 11.49reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=11.49, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.45reported p = .228 · recomputed p = .229
“χ2(1)=1.45, p = .228”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 8.7reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“χ2(1)=8.70, p = .003”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 12.53reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=12.53, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 6.24reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .012
“χ2(1)=6.24, p = .013”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 11.93reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=11.93, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.28reported p = .258 · recomputed p = .258
“χ2(1)=1.28, p = .258”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 3.79reported p = .052 · recomputed p = .052
“χ2(1)=3.79, p = .052”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 13.6reported p = .0002 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=13.60, p = .0002”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 2.25reported p = .324 · recomputed p = .325
“χ2(2)=2.25, p = .324”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 11.13reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“χ2(2)=11.13, p = .004”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 4.91reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .027
“χ2(1)=4.91, p = .027”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 10.4reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“χ2(1)=10.40, p = .001”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 1.55reported p = .213 · recomputed p = .213
“χ2(1)=1.55, p = .213”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 18.08reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=18.08, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 2.93reported p = .231 · recomputed p = .231
“χ2(2)=2.93, p = .231”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 2.96reported p = .227 · recomputed p = .228
“χ2(2)=2.96, p = .227”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 3.66reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .160
“χ2(2)=3.66, p = .160”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 4.32reported p = .115 · recomputed p = .115
“χ2(2)=4.32, p = .115”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.66reported p = .435 · recomputed p = .436
“χ2(2)=1.66, p = .435”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 32.77reported p < .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1)=32.77, p < .0005”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.67reported p = .434 · recomputed p = .434
“χ2(2)=1.67, p = .434”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.62reported p = .446 · recomputed p = .445
“χ2(2)=1.62, p = .446”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · cited 1×
“…to detect post-intervention omnibus differences between three study conditions at 80% power using ANOVAs (the primary trial outcome), and N 120 were needed to detect Group Time interactions estimating a pre-post correlation of .60 and a two-tailed Type I error rate of .05 (Faul et al., 2007).”
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · cited 2×
“In social psychology, positive emotional experience is known to have important influences on social behavior and relationships, career success, decision making, satisfaction with life, and resilience (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005), suggesting potential benefits of mindfulness training in a wide range of domains.”
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
What good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066 · cited 3×
“The evolutionary function of positive emotions is thought to be this capacity to build resources, including knowledge, skills, and social connections that improve one’s longterm odds of survival and flourishing (Fredrickson, 1998).”
Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1975) · Cited by 5,690
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cohen S, & Williamson G (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the US. In Spacapam S & Oskamp S (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 31– 67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Hooker, A. R., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Daubenmier, J., Moran, P. J., Hartogensis, W., Acree, M., Kristeller, J., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., & Hecht, F. M. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2 · Cited by 6
Godara, M., & Singer, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13113295 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Lindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 944-973
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC6296247
- OpenAlex
- W2904393964
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R21AT008493 and R01AT008685, UL1TR000005)
- Sponsor name not included (F32AT009508)
- Yoga Science Foundation
- Mind & Life Institute
- American Psychological Association
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, positive affect, positive emotions, negative affect, present-moment awareness, smartphone-based intervention, daily affect, stress, community-dwelling adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Meditation, Young Adult, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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