CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 6Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionEating Disorders and Behaviors

Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial

Open access
Hooker, Andrew R., Sagui-Henson, Sara J., Daubenmier, Jennifer, Moran, Patricia J., Hartogensis, Wendy, Acree, Michael, Kristeller, Jean, Epel, Elissa S. +2 more·2022·Mindfulness
DOI 10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2PMC PMC9681158
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives: This study tested whether a mindfulness-based intervention for obesity that included components aimed at emotion regulation and mindful eating improved psychological outcomes including stress, anxiety, positive emotion, and depression, during the intervention period and at longer-term follow-up. Methods: Adults with obesity (N=194) were randomized to a 5.5-month diet-exercise weight loss intervention with or without mindfulness training focused on emotion regulation and mindful eating. Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness and psychological well-being, which were planned secondary outcomes, at baseline, at mid-intervention (3 months), and at 6, 12, and 18 months post-baseline (maintenance period). Mixed effects models and linear regression were used to test between- and within-group changes in psychological well-being. This study also explored whether changes in mindfulness (from baseline to each 6 and 18 months post-baseline) mediated the effects of intervention arm on changes in psychological outcomes during those respective time periods. Finally, this study explored whether changes in mindfulness from baseline to 6 months mediated the effects of intervention arm on changes in psychological outcomes from baseline to 18 months. Results: Participants randomized to the mindfulness arm had significant increases in positive emotions at all follow-up times compared to controls. There were statistically significant increases in mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and reflection, as well as decreases in anxiety and depressive symptoms at 12 months compared to control participants. These changes remained significant for psychological flexibility and reflection at 18 months. There were no significant differences in perceived stress. Among mindfulness participants, greater increases in mindfulness from 6 to 18 months were associated with greater positive emotions and psychological flexibility as well as lower perceived stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and rumination at 18 months, adjusting for 6-month values. Mediation analyses indicated that randomization to the mindfulness intervention arm was associated with 6-month increases in mindfulness, and these increases were in turn associated with improved psychological outcomes at 6 months and 18 months. Changes from baseline to 18 months did not mediate 18-month changes in psychological outcomes. Conclusions: Mindfulness training in emotion regulation and mindful eating may provide greater longer-term psychological well-being benefits in non-clinical populations with obesity compared to conventional diet-exercise interventions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00960414 © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

25 of 47 cited sources checked · 21 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Research is limited on the long-term effects of mindfulness-based interventions in general on psychological well-being.

    “Research is limited on the long-term effects of MBIs in general on psychological well-being; one review found that only 11% (5/47) of studies had follow-up of one year or longer (Goyal et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goyal et al., 2014 source

      The Results section says that 47 trials were included and most were short-term; the Discussion also notes that many studies were short-term and that long-term trials may be optimal. These passages support the claim that long-term evidence is limited, but our copy does not substantiate the specific figure that 5 of 47 studies (11%) had follow-up of at least one year. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Study design and conductcitation

    Class attendance was similar for the mindfulness and control arms (74.7% vs. 71.2%, p = .55).

    “As previously reported (Daubenmier et al., 2016), class attendance was similar for the mindfulness and control arms (74.7% vs. 71.2%, respectively; p = .55), as was 18-month retention (81% vs. 71%, respectively; p = .13).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daubenmier et al., 2016 source
  • Premisecitation

    Individuals with obesity may use food as a form of avoidance or as a coping mechanism for distress.

    “As individuals with obesity may use food as a form of avoidance or as a coping mechanism for distress (Rand et al., 2017)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rand et al., 2017 source
  • Premisecitation

    Current behavioral weight loss interventions may not adequately address psychological well-being and emotion regulation in adults with obesity.

    “Current behavioral weight loss interventions may not adequately address psychological well-being and emotion regulation in this population (Rand et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rand et al., 2017 source
  • Premisecitation

    One review found that only 11% (5/47) of studies of mindfulness-based interventions had follow-up of one year or longer.

    “Research is limited on the long-term effects of MBIs in general on psychological well-being; one review found that only 11% (5/47) of studies had follow-up of one year or longer (Goyal et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goyal et al., 2014 source

      The Results (page not provided) report 47 included trials and say most were short-term; the Discussion likewise describes many studies as short-term. Our copy does not report that five trials (11%) had follow-up of at least one year. The 47 trials also included mantra meditation programs, so they were not all studies of mindfulness-based interventions. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 46
  • May combine two claims. 16
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    18-month retention was similar for the mindfulness and control arms (81% vs. 71%, p = .13).

    “As previously reported (Daubenmier et al., 2016), class attendance was similar for the mindfulness and control arms (74.7% vs. 71.2%, respectively; p = .55), as was 18-month retention (81% vs. 71%, respectively; p = .13).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daubenmier et al., 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Patient Health Questionnaire cutoff for mild depression is a score of 5 and for severe depression is a score of 10.

    “The cut off for mild depression is a score of 5 and for severe depression is a score of 10 (Kroenke et al., 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kroenke et al., 2001 source

      The Results and Discussion identify 5 as the lower cutoff for mild depression. They identify 10 as the cutoff for moderate depression, not severe depression; the severe category begins at 20. (LLM, conf=0.95)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The studies that have examined these relationships have been either correlational or small in sample size.

    “The studies that have examined these relationships have been either correlational (Winkens et al., 2018) or small in sample size (Dalen et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Winkens et al., 2018 source
    • cites Dalen et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anxiety and depressive symptoms are each associated with a host of negative health outcomes, including disordered eating and worsened health status.

    “Anxiety and depressive symptoms are also each associated with a host of negative health outcomes (Niles & O’Donovan, 2019), including disordered eating (Singh, 2014) and worsened health status (e.g., Graham-Engeland et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Niles & O’Donovan, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Singh, 2014 source
    • cites Graham-Engeland et al., 2018 source

      The Results (‘Momentary affect by week with inflammation’; page unavailable) report that greater week-2 negative affect was associated with higher cytokine levels. The Introduction describes chronic inflammation as a risk factor for disease, frailty, and mortality. This offers an indirect link to poorer health, but the paper does not establish worsened health status as an outcome associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms separately. (LLM, conf=0.81)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A growing literature suggests mindful eating interventions reduce emotional eating.

    “A growing literature suggests mindful eating interventions reduce emotional (O’Reilly et al., 2014) and binge eating (Godfrey et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O’Reilly et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Psychological flexibility allows for the perspective shifting and goal-setting needed to engage in healthy behavior.

    “psychological flexibility allows for the perspective shifting and goal-setting needed to engage in healthy behavior (Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reflection is associated with problem-solving and reduced depression.

    “that is associated with problem-solving and reduced depression (Treynor et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Treynor et al., 2003 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A five-point change on the Patient Health Questionnaire is considered clinically significant.

    “A 5-point change on the PHQ-9 is considered clinically significant (Kroenke, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kroenke, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent randomized controlled trials provide experimental evidence that positive emotions may increase following mindfulness training and posit that this effect results from developing acceptance toward present-moment experiences.

    “Recent randomized controlled trials also provide experimental evidence that positive emotions may increase following mindfulness training and posit that this effect is the result of developing acceptance toward present-moment experiences (Lindsay et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lindsay et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other research found increased subjective well-being up to six years post-intervention.

    “and increased subjective well-being up to 6 years post-intervention (de Vibe et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites de Vibe et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The observe and describe facets assess how people see, feel, and perceive the internal and external world and how they label and express experiences.

    “These facets assess how we see, feel, and perceive the internal and external world and the way we label our experiences and express them in words (Baer et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baer et al., 2006 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The mindfulness intervention's effects on overall mindfulness were consistent with prior research on changes in self-report mindfulness in mindfulness-based interventions.

    “This is consistent with prior research on changes in self-report measures of mindfulness in MBIs (Keng et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keng et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis did not find statistically significant evidence for a beneficial effect of meditation programs on positive mood.

    “Although a meta-analysis did not find statistically significant evidence for the beneficial effect of meditation programs on positive mood (Goyal et al., 2014)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Goyal et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other research suggests that mindfulness training may stimulate an upward spiral of positive affect with long-term increases in positive affectivity.

    “other research suggests that mindfulness training may stimulate an upward spiral of positive affect (Garland et al., 2015) with long-term increases in positive affectivity (Garland et al., 2017)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Garland et al., 2015 source
    • cites Garland et al., 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Randomization resulted in demographic characteristics and self-reported psychological measures among intervention arms at baseline as noted in Table 1.

    “Randomization resulted in demographic characteristics and self-reported psychological measures among intervention arms at baseline as noted in Table 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based interventions teach individuals to cultivate present-moment awareness of internal experiences with acceptance and nonjudgment.

    “Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) teach individuals to cultivate present-moment awareness of internal experiences with acceptance and nonjudgment (Kabat-Zinn, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kabat-Zinn, 1994

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The decision to adjust for biological sex, race/ethnicity, and education was made a priori.

    “A decision was made a priori to adjust for biological sex, race/ethnicity, and level of education.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The FFMQ showed excellent internal consistency at each time point in the present sample (α = .91-.95, ω = .91-.94).

    “The FFMQ showed excellent internal consistency at each time point in the present sample (α = .91-.95, ω = .91-.94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The positive emotions subscale of the DES showed excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .86-.90, ω = .86-.91).

    “This scale showed excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .86-.90, ω = .86-.91).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The trial was described as testing two approaches to weight loss and stress reduction, without mentioning mindfulness in recruitment materials or consent form.

    “The trial was described as testing two approaches to weight loss and stress reduction, without mentioning “mindfulness” in the recruitment materials or consent form.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants were blinded to the exact content of each arm prior to randomization.

    “In an effort to limit the expectancy effects related to arm assignment, participants were blinded to the exact content of each arm prior to randomization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Perceived Stress Scale showed acceptable internal consistency across timepoints in this sample.

    “This scale showed acceptable internal consistency across timepoints (α = .84-.88, ω = .85-.88).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Mindfulness-based interventions target improved emotion regulation skills and may promote better psychological well-being.

    “In so doing, MBIs target improved emotion regulation skills and may promote better psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Randomization assignments were only revealed to study staff after entering a participant number into a study database.

    “A computer-generated random allocation sequence randomized participants; randomization assignments were only revealed to study staff after entering a participant number into a study database.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A growing literature suggests mindful eating interventions reduce binge eating.

    “A growing literature suggests mindful eating interventions reduce emotional (O’Reilly et al., 2014) and binge eating (Godfrey et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Godfrey et al., 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Recruitment materials masked participants to the hypothesis that mindfulness training would improve psychological and physical health.

    “This was done to mask participants to the hypothesis that mindfulness training would improve psychological and physical health, and to reduce potential disappointment after being assigned to the active control intervention arm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The reflection subscale of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire showed excellent internal consistency in this sample.

    “This scale showed excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .91-.93, ω = .91-.94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The State subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory showed excellent internal consistency in this sample.

    “This scale showed excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .92-.95, ω = .92-.94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One larger study found that a mindful eating intervention for binge eating decreased depressive symptoms in the intervention compared to the control arm.

    “One larger study found that a mindful eating intervention for binge eating decreased depressive symptoms in the intervention compared to the control arm (Kristeller et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kristeller et al., 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Patient Health Questionnaire showed acceptable internal consistency in this sample.

    “This scale showed acceptable internal consistency in this sample (α = .79-.86, ω = .86-.95).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Behavioral interventions that target both emotion and eating regulation in individuals with obesity might improve the long-term durability of weight loss and decrease emotion-related eating, as well as provide improvements in psychological well-being.

    “These findings suggest that behavioral interventions that target both emotion and eating regulation in individuals with obesity might improve the long-term durability of weight loss and decreased emotion-related eating, as well as providing improvements in psychological well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The analysis was intention-to-treat using observed data from all randomized participants.

    “Intention-to-treat analysis using observed data from all randomized participants examined between- and within-group changes from baseline to follow-up time points both during the intervention (3 months, mid-intervention) and post-intervention (6-, 12-, and 18-months post-baseline) for all psychological measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Adjusted models were compared with unadjusted models to check that findings were not merely a consequence of covariate inclusion.

    “Adjusted models were compared with unadjusted models to ensure findings are not merely a consequence of covariate inclusion (Simmons et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Simmons et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Perceived stress is associated with harmful health behaviors, disease, and shortened life span.

    “Perceived stress is associated with harmful health behaviors, disease, and shortened life span (Cohen et al., 1988; Schneiderman et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cohen et al., 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Schneiderman et al., 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Reflection is an adaptive form of self-focus motivated by curiosity.

    “Reflection is an adaptive form of self-focus motivated by curiosity (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Trapnell & Campbell, 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A computer-generated random allocation sequence randomized participants.

    “A computer-generated random allocation sequence randomized participants; randomization assignments were only revealed to study staff after entering a participant number into a study database.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The rumination subscale of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire showed excellent internal consistency in this sample.

    “This scale showed excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = .92-.94, ω = .93-.94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    That larger study only included follow-up at four months.

    “However, this study only included follow-up at four months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rumination leads to symptom magnification and poorer clinical outcomes.

    “Rumination, a perseveration of negative thought content, leads to both symptom magnification and poorer clinical outcomes (Sansone & Sansone, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sansone & Sansone, 2012

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotions are beneficial for overall health.

    “Positive emotions are beneficial for overall health (Fredrickson, 2004)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 2004 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The adjusted models included sex, race/ethnicity, and education as fixed effects.

    “Adjusted models additionally included sex, race/ethnicity, and education as fixed effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The practice of mindful eating aims to enhance awareness and self-regulation of eating behavior as well as thoughts, feelings and sensations that trigger maladaptive eating patterns.

    “The practice of mindful eating aims to enhance awareness and self-regulation of eating behavior as well as thoughts, feelings and sensations that trigger maladaptive eating patterns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire showed adequate internal consistency across timepoints in this sample.

    “This questionnaire showed adequate internal consistency across timepoints (α = .75-.80, ω = .75-.81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Completing batteries of self-report measures at each assessment period may have introduced common method bias.

    “Participants completed batteries of self-report measures at each assessment period, and this may have introduced common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Podsakoff et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Unadjusted models yielded very similar results for positive emotions, psychological flexibility, and reflection.

    “Unadjusted models yielded very similar results (Tables S3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participants in the active control were given progressive muscle relaxation training, which has been related to improvements in sleep quality.

    “Participants in the active control were given a mind-body practice of progressive muscle relaxation training, which was related to improvements in sleep quality (Adler et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adler et al., 2017 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Prior work suggests that present-moment awareness and approach-oriented attentional focus fostered by mindfulness interrupts automatic reactions and facilitates flexible generation of novel situational appraisals.

    “Prior work examining the theoretical foundations of mindfulness suggests that the present moment awareness and approach-oriented attentional focus fostered by mindfulness interrupts automatic reactions and facilitates the flexible generation of novel situational appraisals (Farb et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Farb et al., 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Statistical testing did not adjust for multiple tests, partly because the outcomes were pre-specified hypotheses.

    “Statistical testing did not include adjustment for multiple tests (e.g., Bonferroni adjustments), in part because the outcomes examined were pre-specified hypotheses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Most between-arm differences in mindfulness, positive emotions, psychological flexibility, and reflection remained statistically significant out to one year after the intervention ended, suggesting these benefits were durable.

    “Most of these differences between intervention arms remained statistically significant out to 1 year after the end of the intervention period, suggesting these benefits were durable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of focus on anxiety and depression and the recruitment strategy likely led to floor effects, with limited room for improvement for some participants.

    “This likely led to some floor effects, in which there was limited room for improvement for some participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants were masked to the content of the arm they were not randomized to, which aimed to minimize bias from participant perception of being in a less desirable arm.

    “Second, participants were masked to the content of arm they were not randomized to, which was aimed at minimizing bias due to participant perception of whether they were in a less desirable intervention arm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Self-report measures are known to introduce biases such as social desirability.

    “self-report measures are known to introduce biases such as social desirability (Arnold & Feldman, 1981)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arnold & Feldman, 1981 source
52 of 52

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mediation analysis assumes that there are no unmeasured confounders of the relationships between changes in mindfulness and psychological outcomes.

    “Mediation analyses indicated that randomization to the mindfulness intervention arm was associated with 6-month increases in mindfulness, and these increases were in turn associated with improved psychological outcomes at 6 months and 18 months.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The study sample is representative of non-clinical adults with obesity, so the findings can generalize to that population.

    “Mindfulness training in emotion regulation and mindful eating may provide greater longer-term psychological well-being benefits in non-clinical populations with obesity compared to conventional diet-exercise interventions.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Mindfulness- and acceptance-based approaches such as acceptance and commitment therapy complement traditional CBT.

    “Mindfulness- and acceptance-based approaches such as acceptance and commitment therapy complement traditional CBT.”

    From Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [85]

    The Methods describe a mindfulness-based intervention and a separate active-control arm using cognitive-behavioral-based methods (pages unavailable). The paper does not identify acceptance and commitment therapy as an example or say that these approaches complement CBT; it compares the two arms instead. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Dreyer, D., & Dreyer, K. (2006). ChiWalking: Fitness walking for lifelong health and energy. Atria Books.
  2. Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2012). Rumination. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(2), 29–34.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hooker, A. R., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Daubenmier, J., Moran, P. J., Hartogensis, W., Acree, M., Kristeller, J., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., & Hecht, F. M.
Affiliations
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • San Francisco State University (US)
  • Indiana State University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Hooker, Andrew R.
  • Hecht, Frederick M.
ORCID
Venue
Mindfulness
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-08-13
Volume
13
Issue
9
Pages
2227-2242
ISSN
  • 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
  • 1868-8535
DOI
10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2
PMC
PMC9681158
OpenAlex
W4291115873
Cited by
6
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000004)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K24AT007827, K01AT004199, P01AT005013, T32AT003997)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Keywords
mindfulness-based interventions, obesity, weight loss, psychological well-being, emotion regulation, mindful eating, psychological flexibility, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, rumination, positive emotions, long-term follow-up, mediation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review