Impact of mindfulness training on emotion regulation in multiple sclerosis: Secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial.

May combine two claims.

Training did not differentially affect the frequency of maladaptive strategy use, cognitive reappraisal use, or success of acceptance use.

“Training did not have differential effects on the frequency of maladaptive strategy and cognitive reappraisal use or on the success of acceptance use.”

May combine two claims.

The Group × Time interaction for maladaptive strategy use was not significant, and groups did not differ in pre-to-post change in maladaptive strategy use.

“The Group × Time interaction predicting the frequency of maladaptive strategy use was not significant (F[2, 51.0] = .50, p = .61, ηp2 = .02; see Table 3).”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no significant differences between groups in the frequency of maladaptive strategy use from pre- to posttraining.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The Group × Time interaction for cognitive reappraisal frequency was not significant, and groups did not differ in pre-to-post cognitive reappraisal frequency.

“The Group × Time interaction predicting the frequency of cognitive reappraisal was not significant, (F[2, 53.1] = .25, p = .78, ηp2 = .01; Table 3).”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “Consistent with our hypotheses, there were no significant differences across groups in the frequency of cognitive reappraisal from pre- to posttraining.”

May combine two claims.

The Group × Time interaction for success of acceptance use was not significant, and groups did not differ in pre-to-post success of acceptance use.

“The Group × Time interaction did not significantly predict the success of acceptance use, (F[2, 49.5] = 2.81, p = .07, ηp2 = .10; Table 3).”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “There were also no significant differences across groups in the success of acceptance use from pre- to posttraining.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB) is a well-validated neuropsychological battery designed for PwMS.

“the Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB), a well-validated neuropsychological battery designed for PwMS (Rao, 1990).”

• cites Rao, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Posttraining values reported in the text are model-estimated means that account for missing data, whereas table values are averages of collected data.

“Posttraining values presented in-text are the estimated means from the linear mixed models which account for missing data. Posttraining values presented in the tables are posttraining averages on collected data.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The two active groups (MBT and aCT) were matched on nonspecific intervention factors such as format of delivery, facilitator contact, homework assignments, and training duration.

“The two active groups (MBT and aCT) were matched on nonspecific intervention factors such as format of delivery, facilitator contact, homework assignments, and training duration.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mindfulness-based interventions reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.

“Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being employed to reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hofmann & Gómez, 2017; Strauss et al., 2014)”

• cites Hofmann & Gómez, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Strauss et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All assessments were administered by blinded experimenters.

“All assessments were administered by blinded experimenters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Baseline differences in age, sex, education, EDSS score, and disease duration were assessed across the three groups.

“Baseline differences in age, sex, education, Expanded Disability Status Scale score (an index of disease progression), and disease duration were assessed across all three groups.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Cognitive control is positively associated with adaptive emotion regulation strategy use and negatively associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use.

“A recent study also found that cognitive control was positively associated with adaptive emotion regulation strategy use and negatively associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use (Hoorelbeke et al., 2016).”

• cites Hoorelbeke et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Sixty-one PwMS were randomized to MBT, aCT, or WL in a 1:1:1 allocation ratio.

“Participants were then randomized to MBT, aCT, or WL using a 1:1:1 allocation ratio.”

• Also stated in: § Study Design and Participant Characteristics · plain

  “Of the 135 individuals assessed for eligibility, 61 PwMS were randomized to one of three groups”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nine participants had missing daily diary data at posttraining.

“Nine participants were missing daily diary data at posttraining.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Group assignment was concealed in individual envelopes only accessible by the study coordinator to maintain blinding.

“To maintain blinding, group assignment was concealed in individual envelopes only accessible by the study coordinator.”

May combine two claims.

In our prior studies with older adults, baseline working memory moderated the effect of mindfulness meditation on attentional control and emotion dysregulation.

“Interestingly, our research studies with older adults have shown individual differences in baseline cognitive functioning, specifically working memory, to moderate the effect of mindfulness meditation on attentional control (Whitmoyer et al., 2020) and emotion dysregulation (Samimy et al., 2021).”

• cites Whitmoyer et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Samimy et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness-based interventions strengthen neural circuitry supporting affective health.

“strengthen the neural circuitry supporting affective health (Young et al., 2018)”

• cites Young et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Linear mixed modeling with restricted maximum likelihood was used to handle missing daily diary data.

“Linear mixed modeling using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood estimation method was employed to account for missing daily diary data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most participants expected treatment gains on the cognitive battery, emotion regulation task, and self-report questionnaires.

“we found support for most participants expected gains on the cognitive battery (100% of those in mindfulness group, 100% of those in cognitive training), the emotion regulation task (90% mindfulness, 94.7% cognitive training), and self-reported questionnaires (100% mindfulness, 100% cognitive training).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To control for demand characteristics, the study was advertised as "Cognitive and Emotion Regulation Training in Multiple Sclerosis" and no mention of mindfulness training was made in recruitment materials.

“To control for demand characteristics, the study was advertised as “Cognitive and Emotion Regulation Training in Multiple Sclerosis,” and there was no mention of mindfulness training in any of the recruitment materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies found increased cognitive reappraisal use after mindfulness-based interventions.

“Some studies found increased cognitive reappraisal use (Brown et al., 2020; Cerna et al., 2020; Goldin et al., 2017; Wimmer et al., 2019)”

• cites Brown et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cerna et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A prior study comparing mindfulness-based stress reduction with cognitive-behavioral group therapy found increased acceptance use in the mindfulness condition.

“our results align with a recent study comparing mindfulness-based stress reduction to cognitive–behavioral group-based therapy, which found increases in the frequency of acceptance use for those in the mindfulness intervention (Goldin et al., 2017).”

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Theoretical models of mindfulness hold that mindfulness-based interventions should increase how often people use acceptance to regulate emotions.

“Similarly, theoretical models of mindfulness (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017), emphasizing the importance of acceptance in mindfulness-based interventions, suggest that these interventions should increase the frequency of using acceptance to regulate one’s emotions.”

• cites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The aCT group was matched with the MBT group for therapist time, homework exercises, and demonstrated promise for cognitive rehabilitation in PwMS.

“The aCT group was matched with the MBT group for therapist time, homework exercises, and demonstrated promise for cognitive rehabilitation in PwMS (Bonavita et al., 2015; Hancock et al., 2015).”

• cites Bonavita et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hancock et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Randomization was stratified by Beck Depression Inventory scores (low <14; high ≥14).

“Randomization was stratified by scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (low: < 14; high ≥ 14)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Daily diaries are commonly used to measure emotion regulation strategy use.

“Daily diaries are commonly used to measure emotion regulation strategy use (see Brockman et al., 2017; McMahon & Naragon-Gainey, 2018).”

• cites Brockman et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McMahon & Naragon-Gainey, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mindfulness-based interventions increase the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies.

“increase the use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies (Brown et al., 2020; Goldin et al., 2017)”

• cites Brown et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some studies have found that mindfulness-based interventions reduce suppression, rumination, avoidance, and worry.

“Specifically, some studies have found that mindfulness-based interventions reduce the use of suppression (Fung et al., 2019), rumination (Fung et al., 2019; Labelle et al., 2015; Salem-Guirgis et al., 2019; Schellekens et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019), avoidance (Fung et al., 2019; Labelle et al., 2015), and worry (Delgado et al., 2010; Labelle et al., 2015; Robins et al., 2012;).”

• cites Fung et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Labelle et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Salem-Guirgis et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In PwMS, mindfulness-based interventions have effectively improved depression, anxiety, and stress.

“In PwMS, mindfulness-based interventions have effectively improved metrics of affective functioning, such as depression, anxiety, and stress (see Carletto et al., 2020; Simpson et al., 2019 for meta-analytic reviews).”

• cites Carletto et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Simpson et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

All analyses followed an intention-to-treat approach and included all 61 randomized participants.

“All analyses were completed according to intention-to-treat and included the full sample of 61 participants (MBT: n = 20; aCT: n = 20; and WL: n = 21).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

40-70% of PwMS experience some cognitive difficulties.

“In addition to affective dysfunction, 40–70% of PwMS experience some cognitive difficulties (DiGiuseppe et al., 2018; Julian, 2011).”

• cites DiGiuseppe et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Julian, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cognitive functioning impacts the success of emotion regulation use and may be an important moderator of mindfulness-based interventions' effects on outcomes.

“Collectively, these studies suggest that cognitive functioning impacts the success of emotion regulation use and may be an important moderator of mindfulness-based interventions’ effects on outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One recent study found individuals used acceptance more frequently after participating in a mindfulness-based intervention.

“One recent study found individuals used acceptance more frequently after participating in a mindfulness-based intervention (Goldin et al., 2017).”

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The pilot used a brief four-week mindfulness training, while eight-week mindfulness-based interventions are more standard.

“Our pilot study employed a brief four-week MBT, whereas eight-week mindfulness-based interventions are more standard (e.g., Brown et al., 2020; Robins et al., 2012).”

• cites Brown et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Robins et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cognition appears to play a role in emotion regulation strategy use in several populations, but the relationship is less clear in people with multiple sclerosis.

“Although cognition appears to play a role in the use of emotion regulation strategies in a number of populations (Hendricks & Buchanan, 2016; Schmeichel et al., 2008), this relationship is more ambiguous in PwMS.”

• cites Hendricks & Buchanan, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schmeichel et al., 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

One study found that people with multiple sclerosis used positive and problem-focused coping less than healthy controls, but cognitively impaired and cognitively preserved patients did not differ in coping strategy type.

“However, one study found that although PwMS were less likely to use positive and problemfocused coping strategies than healthy controls, there were no differences in the type of coping strategy used between cognitively impaired and cognitively preserved PwMS (Goretti et al., 2010).”

• cites Goretti et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Studies of mindfulness training and cognitive reappraisal use have produced mixed findings, with some showing increases and others showing null results.

“Findings from studies examining the effect of MBT on cognitive reappraisal use are mixed; some studies demonstrate an increased use of this strategy (Brown et al., 2020; Goldin et al., 2017; Wimmer et al., 2019), whereas others report null results (Dick et al., 2014; Fung et al., 2019).”

• cites Brown et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wimmer et al., 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many conceptual models of mindfulness emphasize cultivating acceptance in mindfulness training and suggest that mindfulness-based interventions should improve success of acceptance use.

“Additionally, many conceptual models of mindfulness emphasize the importance of cultivating acceptance in MBT (e.g., Lindsay & Creswell, 2017) suggesting that mindfulness-based interventions should improve the success of acceptance use.”

• cites Lindsay & Creswell, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This study assessed emotion regulation daily, whereas earlier studies mainly used global self-report questionnaires.

“The current study also employed a daily assessment of emotion regulation, whereas prior studies have primarily relied on global self-report questionnaires of strategy use.”

May combine two claims.

Brief interventions may improve global emotion dysregulation measures, but longer treatment may be needed to change specific emotion regulation skills.

“Although brief interventions may be effective at improving global measures of emotion dysregulation, longer treatment duration may be needed to target the use of specific emotion regulation skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent study found that participants in a mindfulness-based training group reported greater acceptance frequency and success than those in cognitive-behavioral therapy.

“Although the literature on mindfulness-based interventions for the success of acceptance use is scant, a recent study found that participants in the mindfulness-based training group reported greater acceptance frequency and success than those in the cognitive–behavioral therapy group (Goldin et al., 2017).”

• cites Goldin et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Because findings are inconsistent and cognitive reappraisal differs conceptually from acceptance, the results did not show a differential change in cognitive reappraisal in the mindfulness group.

“Given the inconsistent findings and the conceptual differences between cognitive reappraisal and acceptance strategies, our results did not provide evidence for a differential change in cognitive reappraisal in participants in the mindfulness training group.”

May combine two claims.

The study had a small sample, a limited range of emotion dysregulation, and mostly ambulatory relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis participants.

“The small sample size, limited range of emotion dysregulation, and the inclusion of mostly ambulatory relapsing-remitting PwMS is detailed in Schirda et al. (2020).”

• cites Schirda et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recent meta-analysis and systematic review found a small but significant effect of brief mindfulness-based interventions on negative affect.

“A recent meta-analysis and systematic review examining the efficacy of brief mindfulness-based interventions (single session to multisession interventions lasting no more than two weeks) on negative affect found a small, but significant effect (g = .21, p < .001; Schumer et al., 2018).”

• cites Schumer et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.