The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Minority stressors and psychological distress in transgender individuals.
Abstract
This study tested direct and indirect associations between minority stressors and psychological distress in a large, geographically diverse sample of transgender individuals (N = 1,207). Transgender individuals were recruited for an online, cross-sectional survey using targeted sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model, which was based on Hatzenbuehler's (2009) integrative mediation framework. Expectations of rejection, self-stigma, and prejudice events were all associated with psychological distress, and these relationships were partially accounted for by rumination. This model had good fit (Tucker-Lewis Index =.96, Comparative Fit Index =.98, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation =.05, 90% CI [.05,.06]) and explained 54.5% of the variance in psychological distress and 29.3% in rumination. This is the first study to examine a model of minority stress and psychological distress that includes rumination and all four minority stressors from Meyer's (2003) framework in a large sample of transgender individuals. Results indicate a strong relationship between minority stressors and psychological distress among transgender people, and that these relationships are partially explained by rumination. Results need to be considered in relation to the cross-sectional nature of the design and the possible role for additional variables. Future research should investigate these findings using designs that provide tests of causality.
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In the citing paper
“Researchers Timmins et al. confirmed the role of ruminative processes as increased in a transgender sample who also experienced greater minority stress (Timmins et al., Citation2017).”
From Proposed Self-as-Context Interventions for Gender Minority Clients (2025) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“however, to our knowledge, all studies to date have used cross-sectional research designs.”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“These findings also dovetail with TGNC research demonstrating that emotional management strategies emphasizing suppression, avoidance, excessive focus etc. (i.e., avoidant coping and rumination) mediate relations between prejudice events and psychological distress (Timmins et al., 2017; White Hughto et al., 2017).”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Timmins et al. (2017) found that depressive rumination mediated the relationship between prejudice events and psychological distress in transgender people.”
From Psychological Processes Underlying the Impact of Gender-Related Discrimination on Psychological Distress in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People. (2019) · cites this paper as Timmins et al., 2017
Citations
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Items 101–131 of 131
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Arnoldussen, M., & de Vries, A. L. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_9 · Cited by 1
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Proposed Self-as-Context Interventions for Gender Minority Clients
Reslink, A., & Brosius, S. (2025) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2024.2439595
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Jaspal, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57545-8_3
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Kemp, P. W. (2020) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado)
Capturing The Experiences Of Gender Non-Conforming Children Through The Minority Stress Model
Loso, H. (2021) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Special Populations: Intimate Partner Violence
Bastardas-Albero, A., Godfrey, D. A., Bennett, V. E., Kehoe, C. M., Snead, A. L., & Babcock, J. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00136-9
Hesse, C., & Floyd, K. (2024) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2024.2308930
“…al. (2014) also reported a positive association between internalized homophobia and distress and further found that the association between workplace-based prejudice and psychological stress was mediated by an individual’s locus of control (for additional examples, see Timmins et al., 2017, 2020).”
Gender Identity Disorder and Self-Stigma Among University Students in Selangor
Sham, F., Hamzah, A., Razali, S., & Nugraha, N. J. (2024) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v9i27.5673
Sexual and Gender Minority Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Timmins, L., Bharadwaj, K., Bhatt, K. J., & Duncan, D. T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197625217.003.0008
Self-citationDecomposing Gender Identity Differences in Subjective Well-Being Using Two Colombian Surveys
Sánchez, A. R., & Boertien, D. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251315577
“Our findings on Colombia, confirmed in both nonprobabilistic and probabilistic samples, coincide in this regard with previous literature on the topic (Källström et al. 2022; Meyer et al. 2017; Timmins, Rimes, and Rahman 2017).”
Martin‐Storey, A., & Pollitt, A. M. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003479055-18
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Gender Diverse Populations in Forensic Settings
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Perceptions and worldviews of Gender-switching individualsPreprint
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Butt, Y., Liu, Q., & Rodriguez, V. J. (2026) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2026.2654499
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Metadata
- Authors
- Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 328-340
- ISSN
- 2329-0382 (ISSN-L)
- 2329-0390
- OpenAlex
- W2737774863
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 15.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (publishedVersion)
- Cronfa (Swansea University) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- minority stress, transgender people, psychological distress, rumination, self-stigma
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