Posttraumatic stress in the trans community: The roles of anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and internalized transphobia

Barr, Sebastian M.; Snyder, Kate E.; Adelson, Jill L.; Budge, Stephanie L.

doi:10.1037/sgd0000500

Cited by 85LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

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Posttraumatic stress in the trans community: The roles of anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and internalized transphobia

Barr, Sebastian M., Snyder, Kate E., Adelson, Jill L., Budge, Stephanie L.·2022·Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

DOI 10.1037/sgd0000500

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Gender diverse and transgender people experience anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and further trauma when seeking mental healthcare.
“previous studies showing that gender diverse and transgender people experience anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and further trauma when seeking mental healthcare [54,55]”
From “Backed into a Corner”: Lived experiences of receiving and providing involuntary psychiatric treatment under British Columbia’s Mental Health Act (2026) · cites this paper as [54]
Clinician participants in our study spoke of treatment of transgender patients that aligned with previous studies.
“Similarly, clinician participants in our study spoke of treatment of transgender patients that aligned with previous studies showing that gender diverse and transgender people experience anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and further trauma when seeking mental healthcare [54,55].”
From “Backed into a Corner”: Lived experiences of receiving and providing involuntary psychiatric treatment under British Columbia’s Mental Health Act (2026) · cites this paper as [54]
Gender-diverse and transgender people experience greater inequities in many dimensions of mental wellbeing, compounded by anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and further trauma when seeking mental healthcare.
“Recent research has confirmed that gender-diverse and transgender people experience greater inequities in many dimensions of mental wellbeing, which are in turn often compounded by anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and further trauma when seeking mental healthcare [54,55].”
From “Backed into a Corner”: Lived experiences of receiving and providing involuntary psychiatric treatment under British Columbia’s Mental Health Act (2026) · cites this paper as [54]

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Ramos, B. J. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.490709
Discrimination and Posttraumatic Symptomatology Among Trauma-exposed Sexual Minority Women and Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Zaso, M. J., Scheer, J. R., Cascalheira, C. J., Jackson, S. D., Batchelder, A., & Sullivan, T. P. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251414446
Oppression-Based Traumatic Stress among Transgender and Gender Expansive Adults: Multiple Forms of Discrimination and Trauma Symptoms
Staples, J. M., Bird, C., Granato, H. F., & Yang, J. P. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2637960
Psychosocial Strengths, Well-Being, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among LGBTQ+ Young Adults
Costa, R., Abreu, R. L., Vazquez, T., Barrita, A. M., & Parmenter, J. G. (2026) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000261433943
“These patterns may re ﬂ ect the multiple marginalization of TGD individuals and LGBTQ+ people of color due to experiences of cisnormativity and racism both within and outside LGBTQ+ communities (Balsam et al., 2011; Barr et al., 2022; Ghabrial, 2019; Parmenter et al., 2021).”
Trouble de stress post-traumatique et trouble de stress post-traumatique complexe chez les personnes LGBTQIA+ : prévalences et facteurs associés
Berthelot, W. P. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/853c1cfez22ccz4f84za5cbz479a895451f1
Co‐occurring daily minority stressors and dissociation among trauma‐exposed sexual minority women, transgender, and nonbinary people
Behari, K., Helminen, E. C., Zaso, M. J., & Scheer, J. R. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70072 · Cited by 2
“…antitrans-gender bias) and internal (e.g., expectations of rejection) minority stressors is positively associated with PTSD symptom severity, even after accounting for prior trauma exposure (Bandermann & Szymanski, 2014; Barr et al., 2022; Reisner et al., 2016; Szymanski & Balsam, 2011).”
Relational Counseling Factors, Self‐Compassion, Minority Stress, and Posttraumatic Growth Among TGD Clients
Ahmadi, A., & Prosek, E. A. (2026) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.70045
Effects of L1 and Social Attitudes on English Gender-Fair Pronouns
Lukač, M., & BRADLEY, E. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009569699.008
Usage Variation amid Social Diversity and Political Change
Smith, A., & Collins, P. C. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009569699.007
History of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder diagnoses among midlife and older transfeminine and transmasculine adults in the United States: A cross-sectional analysis within the STRONG cohort
Cicero, E. C., Flatt, J. D., Kaabi, O., Tangpricha, V., Getahun, D., McPherson, L. J., Lash, T. L., Silverberg, M. J., Vupputuri, S. X., Perkins, M. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122180
Other medical and nonmedical treatments for gender dysphoria
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Theory, Impact, and Contributing Factors Associated with Sexual Racism within Sexually and Gender Minoritized Communities: A Systematic Review
Wade, R. M., Malek, R. J., Bouris, A. M., Rivera‐Cash, D., Piasecki, M., Thalackan, J., Feng, Y., Gordon, J. D., Cortina, J. R., & Pear, M. M. (2026) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2026.2687690
Changes in body surveillance over time among transgender and gender-expansive adults: Examining the influence of gender-based minority stressors
Miller, M. G. B., Gillikin, L. M., Denning, D. M., Lathan, E. C., & Brown, T. A. (2026) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2026.2701919
Concealment and Mental Health in Binary Transgender Adults: Examining the Role of Relative Centrality
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“Discrimination (Valentine & Shipherd, 2018) and gender identity non-affirmation (e.g., when an individual’s gender identity is not acknowledged or vali - dated by others; Barr et al., 2022 ; Testa et al., 2015) are stressors consistently shown to impact transgender people’s mental health negatively.”

Understanding the relationship between anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and post-traumatic stress: a model of internalized transphobia-mediated post-traumatic stress.
Barr, S. M. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3106 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals.
Mizock, L. M., & Mueser, K. T. (2014) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000029 · Cited by 215
Gender minority stress, sleep disturbance, and sexual victimization in transgender and gender nonconforming adults
Kolp, H. M., Wilder, S. M. J., Andersen, C. V. S., Johnson, E. E. H., Horvath, S. A., Gidycz, C. A., & Shorey, R. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22880 · Cited by 35
Internalized Transphobia, Resilience, and Mental Health: Applying the Psychological Mediation Framework to Italian Transgender Individuals
Scandurra, C., Bochicchio, V., Amodeo, A. L., Esposito, C., Valerio, P., Maldonato, M. N., Bacchini, D., & Vitelli, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15030508 · Cited by 158
Supplemental Material for Posttraumatic Stress in the Trans Community: The Roles of Anti-Transgender Bias, Non-Affirmation, and Internalized Transphobia
(2021) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000500.supp

Authors: Barr, S. M., Snyder, K. E., Adelson, J. L., & Budge, S. L.
ORCID: Barr, Sebastian M.
Snyder, Kate E.
Adelson, Jill L.
Budge, Stephanie L.
Venue: Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2022-12
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 410-421
ISSN: 2329-0382 (ISSN-L)
2329-0390
DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000500
OpenAlex: W3196840466
Cited by: 85
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7
FWCI: 10.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress, transgender people, internalized transphobia, transphobia

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