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Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Abstract
It is widely believed that low self-esteem (SE) is associated with greater substance use, although previous research has been unable to support such a relationship consistently. The present study used the "social deviance model" to investigate whether SE was differentially related to substance use for respondents in varying cultural norms. Responses to intensity of tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, and drug use, SE, and cultural norm items from over 2,000 high school and college students failed to support this model.
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“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) [43] is the most commonly used measure for explicit self-esteem.”
From The impact of mortality salience and explicit self-esteem on plastic reduction intention: A moderated mediation model (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Self-citationBaumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893
The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392 · Cited by 1,402
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“The Self-Esteem Scale was developed by Rosenberg (1965) and revised into a Chinese version by Li (2002).”
MethodWu, A., Chou, T.-L., Catmur, C., & Lau, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01865-7 · Cited by 12
“Personal self-esteem: This is a 10-item scale measuring an individual’s overall evaluation of his or her worthiness as a human being (Morris Rosenberg, 1965).”
BackgroundResponsivity factors among offenders
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Self-affirmation and nonclinical paranoia.
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“Further, Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD, Jonason & Webster, 2010) and Rosenberg selfesteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) were also used to evaluate the convergent validity.”
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High prevalence of shoplifting in patients with eating disorders
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Construction of women's empowerment index for Bangladesh
Chowdhury, S., Khan, M. M. H., & Haque, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1356756 · Cited by 11
“Psychological: Women’s internal sense of empowerment and self-esteem (Malhotra et al., 2002; Sinclair et al., 2010; Rosenberg, 1965).”
Postpartum Depression: Perceptions of a Diverse Sample of Low-Income Women
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“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale contains ten items scored on a four-point Likert scale and provides an overall evaluation of one ’ s worth or value (Rosenberg, 1965) (86).”
Training the body and mind: Examining psychological correlates of Taekwondo
Weiss, E. R., & Miller, J. G. (2019) · International Journal of Martial Arts · doi:10.51222/injoma.2019.12.5.32 · Cited by 8
Low Self-Esteem and Selfie Posting Among Young Women
Biolcati, R. (2019) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101912010155 · Cited by 10
Lafond-Brina, G., & Bonnefond, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06777-5 · Cited by 7
Vagheni, M. M., Vivalya, B. M. N., Muyisa, L. K., Masuka, R. K., & Kitoko, G. M. B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114342 · Cited by 7
Arthuso, F. Z., Fairey, A., Boulé, N. G., & Courneya, K. S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055782 · Cited by 8
Scheunemann, J., Fischer, R., & Moritz, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.612810 · Cited by 8
Schiller, M., Pinus, M., Hammen, C. L., & Shahar, G. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-019-00053-7 · Cited by 10
“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg 1965) is an extensively validated and used 10-item measure assessing global self-esteem (e.g., “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself”).”
MethodAffective state, self-esteem and technology
Muriana, L. M., Silva, J. V. D., dos Santos, A. C., & Baranauskas, M. C. C. (2019) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3357155.3358474 · Cited by 5
Goddard, A. M., & Morrow, D. (2015) · International journal of evidence based coaching and mentoring · doi:10.1177/174183051501300208 · Cited by 5
“2, August 2015 Page 109 The Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965).”
InfluentialAbujudeh, B. A., Rub, R. A. A., Al‐Faouri, I., & Gharaibeh, M. K. (2010) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/1744987110387482 · Cited by 6
Unveiling the potential of fine arts education in enhancing resilience among Chinese gifted students
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“In contrast, Bandura’s scale (Bandura, 2006) focused more narrowly on specific domains, such as social or academic contexts, whereas the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) measured self-esteem and hardly focuses on SE.”
Riccardo, A. M., Ferrazzi, G., Catellani, S., Gibin, A. M., Nasi, A. M., Marchi, M., Galeazzi, G. M., Thompson, J. K., & Pingani, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193062 · Cited by 8
“Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) was developed in 1965 by Morris Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1965).”
MethodSzczęśniak, M., Falewicz, A., Madej, D., Bielecka, G., Pracka, J., & Rybarski, R. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13010070 · Cited by 8
“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), authored by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted into Polish by Łaguna et al. (2007), assesses people’s set of thoughts and feelings about their own worth and importance.”
MethodShuja, K. H. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02283-5 · Cited by 6
“Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) was used to measure self-esteem in children and it consisted of a total of 10 items.”
MethodMarshall, K., Witting, A. B., Sandberg, J. G., & Bean, R. A. (2020) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-020-09542-w · Cited by 6
Kosa, M., & Uysal, A. (2018) · IEEE Games Entertainment Media Conference · doi:10.1109/gem.2018.8516479 · Cited by 6
Examining colorism, body image, and self-esteem in UK Black and South Asian adolescents
Craddock, N., Phoenix, A., & White, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1687937 · Cited by 5
“Self-esteem can be defined as one’s overall sense of worth and personal value, encompassing perceptions of competence, social acceptance, resilience, and emotional wellbeing (Rosenberg, 1965).”
Real-time monitoring to predict depressive symptoms: study protocol
Lee, Y.-R., & Lee, J.-S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1465933 · Cited by 6
Aftab, S., Saleem, I., & Mansor, N. N. A. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration · doi:10.1108/apjba-06-2023-0279 · Cited by 6
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Biermann, M., Schulze, A., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Lis, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1082785 · Cited by 7
Mangelsdorf, S. N., Cagliarini, D., Lee, Y. Y., Mihalopoulos, C., Liu, V., Valentine, L., Bendall, S., Koval, P., D'Alfonso, S., Davey, C., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088695 · Cited by 3
Daily activities and self-esteem among university students with and without ADHD
Turner, E. H., & Harty, S. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1622354 · Cited by 6
Cabras, C., Marmillata, S., Roberta, T., & Sechi, C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00622-6 · Cited by 8
GURaaS: An End-User Platform for Embedding Research Instruments into Games
Santos, C., Haterd, J. V. D., Hutchinson, K., Khan, V.-J., & Markopoulos, P. (2017) · International Symposium on End-User Development · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58735-6_3 · Cited by 4
Osteoarthritis: Patient Expectations about Future Pain, Stiffness and Function.
Dwek, M.-R., McBain, H., Cleanthous, S., Shipley, M., & Newman, S. (2015) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1089 · Cited by 4
“Global self-esteem was measured by the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965).”
MethodArendsen, J. L., Brugman, B. C., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Fransen, M. L. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70056 · Cited by 4
Visual Interventions for Career and Life-Design: An Exploratory Experimental Study
Bresciani, S., & Kernbach, S. (2019) · International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV) · doi:10.1109/iv.2019.00060 · Cited by 4
“1) indicate a significant effect of the treatment on Self-esteem, measured with the scale developed by Rosenberg [25], Schmitt and Allik [26], (p=.021).”
MethodEffect of Death Education Program on Self-Esteem, Spiritual Well-Being, and Pain of Adults
Kim, B.-R., Oh, C.-U., & Kang, H.-K. (2016) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2016.17.9.156 · Cited by 3
Exploration of the ‘Mean World Syndrome’ in Dutch Older Persons
Klinkenberg, E. F. (2015) · Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) · doi:10.25609/sure.v1.1021 · Cited by 2
“Lastly, self-esteem is measured with a shorter version of the ‘Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale’ [12], consisting of four items.”
MethodChiu, H.-L., Wang, K.-J., & Wang, T.-H. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320059 · Cited by 2
Kim, J., Lee, M., Chae, J., Lim, G., Kim, M., & Kim, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1556034 · Cited by 1
“Specifically, we administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) to assess participant’s overall sense of self-worth and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale II (BFNE-II; Carleton et al., 2006) to measure a person’s tolerance for the possibility he/she may be judged by…”
Choi, G. E., Pyun, M., Yoon, S.-H., Kim, Y., Shin, H., & Lee, S. Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1364930 · Cited by 5
Working with the inner critic in patients with depression using chairwork: a pilot study
Kroener, J., Mahler, J. S., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1397925 · Cited by 2
“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; 48) is a widely used questionnaire that assesses self-esteem.”
BackgroundMeneguzzo, P., Behrens, S. C., Pavan, C., Toffanin, T., Quirós-Ramírez, M. A., Black, M. J., Giel, K. E., Tenconi, E., & Favaro, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1407474 · Cited by 2
Evaluating Youth Drop-In Programs: The Utility of Process Evaluation Methods
Chechak, D., Dunlop, J. M., & Holosko, M. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation · doi:10.3138/cjpe.42976 · Cited by 2
“Participants in the girls’ group who had signed consent forms from their parents completed a pre-test and post-test using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989 ), and the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents ( Harter, 1988 ), as well as a qualitative participant-feedback sheet.”
MethodPsychopathology Associated with Participant Role among Bullying Situation
Lee, C.-H., Lee, J., Shin, Y.-M., Kim, Y. H., Lee, Y.-M., & Lee, J.-J. (2017) · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2017.56.3.111 · Cited by 2
The dark side of customer emotion and engagement: an antecedent–consequence model
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“Additional individual resources were measured with the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (50), where higher scores indicate greater self-esteem, and the GMSR Resilience subscale, with higher scores re fl ecting greater levels of resilience-related factors.”
Peng, W., Shi, G., Hu, X., & Zhuang, H.-P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1647474 · Cited by 1
“The study employed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), originally developed by Rosenberg (1965) and translated/adapted into Chinese by Wang et al. (1999).”
Who does singlehood best? A latent profile analysis
Horton, C. J., Walsh, L. C., Rodriguez, A., & Kaufman, V. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1509349 · Cited by 2
“Self-esteem was assessed using four items from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965; e.g., “On the whole, I am satisfied with myself”).”
Fekete, L., Bacârea, V., Fekete, G., Fekete, J. E., & Kovács, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1613083 · Cited by 1
“Regarding confidence, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, RSE (12) or the State self-esteem scale, SSES (13) are the most widely used questionnaires focusing on self-worth and self-acceptance and temporary self-esteem fluctuations, respectively.”
Trucharte, A., Valiente, C., Pacios, J., Bruña, R., Espinosa, R., Peinado, V., Pascual, T., Martínez, A. P., Maestú, F., & Bentall, R. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1472332 · Cited by 2
“Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; 64) is a 10-item self-report scale designed to assess global trait self-esteem.”
BackgroundProfessional Socialization of Nursing Students and Its Relationship with Self-Esteem
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Kim, H.-Y., & Han, K. S. (2019) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2019.27.3.240 · Cited by 1
“자아존중 감이란 자신에 대한 주관적 평가로 보고 자아존중감이 높다 는 것은 자신을 수용, 존중하고 자신을 좋아하며 스스로를 가치 있는 인간으로 느끼는 것이다(Rosenberg, 1965).”
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Teixeira, F. M., Araújo, A. M., & Cabello, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1866661
“To assess the content of the intervention, experts suggested additional measures, including the Positive and Negative Affects Scale (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988; 83.3%), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; 66.7%), and possibly the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985; 58.3%).”
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“The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) is a widely used measure of self-esteem in college students.”
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Relationship Affirmation, Self-Esteem, and Important Goal Pursuit in Adolescence
McGranahan, R. (2017) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · doi:10.25602/gold.00020518
“Although there are many traits that could play a role, perhaps the most interesting of these is self-esteem, or the subjective value an individual attributes to herself as a person (James, 1890; Rosenberg, 1965).”
Background- Retracted
The Psychology of Creativity in Dance
Clements, L., & Yutzey, E. F. (2021) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4261-3.ch006
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenberg, M.
- Corresponding author
- Rosenberg, M.
- Venue
- PsycTESTS Dataset
- Published
- 1965
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 123
- Pages
- 523-42
- OpenAlex
- W2912905337
- Cited by
- 1,226
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 217 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 19
- Type
- dataset
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PsycTESTS Dataset (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sound Ideas (University of Puget Sound) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Keywords
- Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, self-esteem, substance use, cultural norms, tobacco use, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, drug use, high school students, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Culture, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Models, Theoretical, Religion, Self Concept, Smoking, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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