Attachment insecurity mediates the effects of intimate partner violence and childhood maltreatment on depressive symptoms in adult women
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Insecure attachment mediated the relationship between physical victimization and depressive symptomatology.
“Then, insecure attachment has been showed to moderate the link between IPV victimization and PTSD symptoms (Scott and Babcock, 2009) and to mediate the relationship between physical victimization and depressive symptomatology (Smagur et al., 2018).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Smagur et al., 2018
Insecure attachment fully mediated the pathway by which childhood maltreatment leads to sexual IPV victimization.
“Finally, two studies examined other variables accounting for the relationship between attachment and sexual IPV victimization showing that such link was mediated by the use of destructive conflict resolution strategies (Bonache et al., 2016) and that insecure attachment fully mediated the pathway by which childhood maltreatment leads to sexual IPV victimization (Smagur et al., 2018).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Smagur et al., 2018
Some studies found that sexual IPV victimization correlated positively and significantly with attachment anxiety, with coefficient reaching 0.53.
“Some found that sexual IPV victimization correlated positively and significantly with anxiety (Sommer et al., 2017; Smagur et al., 2018) with coefficient reaching 0.53.”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Smagur et al., 2018
Insecure attachment not only predicted psychological IPV victimization beyond the role of depression but also mediated such relationship.
“Also, studies showed that insecure attachment not only predicted psychological IPV victimization beyond the role of depression (Riggs and Kaminski, 2010) but also mediated such relationship (Smagur et al., 2018).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Smagur et al., 2018
Despite most studies finding an association between insecure attachment and sexual IPV victimization, only one research examined the topic among participants with a previous reported history of IPV victimization.
“Despite most of the studies found an association between insecure attachment and sexual IPV victimization, only one research examined the topic among participants with a previous reported history of IPV victimization (Smagur et al., 2018).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Smagur et al., 2018
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Childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence victimization: A meta-analysis
Li, S., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.012 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment
Velotti, P., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., & Tambelli, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01166 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Attachment, Trauma, and Mentalization in Intimate Partner Violence: A Preliminary Investigation
Condino, V., Giovanardi, G., Vagni, M., Lingiardi, V., Pajardi, D., & Colli, A. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520980383 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“First, the majority of the sample was characterized by an insecure attachment style (68%), confirming previous studies showing an overrepresentation of insecure attachment among female IPV victims (Henderson et al., 2005; Kuijpers et al., 2012; Smagur et al., 2018).”
ResultKural, A. I., & Kovács, M. E. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103537 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sandberg, D. A., & Refrea, V. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211072168 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Furthermore, some studies have shown that these patterns mediate various trauma-related symptoms (Briere et al., 2017; Muller et al., 2012; Roche et al., 1999; Smagur et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTaylor, P. (2020) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/2333393619900893 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with negative health effects for women including depression (Smagur et al., 2018; Spencer et al., 2019), posttraumatic stress disorder (Aupperle et al.”
BackgroundLi, M.-H., & Preziosi, D. (2022) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-022-09468-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“, 2019), relationship difficulties (Smagur et al., 2018), and conduct problems (Pasalich et al.”
Backgroundde Souza, D. S., Machado, W. D. L., GUIMARÃES, L. D. A., Bernardi, J. R., da Silva, C. H., Goldani, M. Z., & Bandeira, D. R. (2024) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22126 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., & Jiang, S. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107934 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sanchez, M., Romo, L., Rogue, S., & Fouques, D. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241246801 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, only one study has explored attachment style and sexual victimization among IPV survivors (Smagur et al., 2018), finding that insecure attachment mediated the pathway by which childhood maltreatment resulted in IPSV.”
Taccini, F., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68759-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Attachment insecurity may play a mediating role between interpersonal trauma and lack of well-being 35,36 : in fact, individuals often interpret interpersonal trauma through the lens of their negative internal schemas (e.g., "I am worthless"), heightening their vulnerability to diminished…”
BackgroundTaylor, P., DiTommaso, E., Scott-Storey, K. A., O’Donnell, S., Busolo, D. S., Vincent, C. D., & Malcolm, J. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241255829 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“20]; Figure 1).”
InfluentialGosselin, C., Daspe, M., Brassard, A., Lussier, Y., & Vaillancourt‐Morel, M. (2024) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cárdenas, M. L. B., Inostroza, C., Sáez-Delgado, F., & Araujo, L. E. I. (2023) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt2023598 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Early Childhood Trauma on Adult Mental Health
Wu, B. (2024) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/39/20240741 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yalçın, M. (2024) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2024.2385463 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Because she thinks she deserves bad behavior (Smagur, et al., 2018).”
The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Negative Affect: The Mediating Role of Adult Attachment
Trombetta, T., Taccini, F., Mannarini, S., & Rollè, L. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2468237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In a recent study by Smagur et al. (2018), IPV experiences increased the level of attachment insecurity (i.e., a latent variable with two indicators: attachment anxiety and avoidance), which in turn positively predicted depressive symptoms.”
InfluentialOlsavsky, A. K., Chirico, I. S., Ali, D. A., Christensen, H., Boggs, B., Svete, L. J., Ketcham, K., Hutchison, K. E., Zeanah, C. H., Tottenham, N., et al. (2023) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218231186371 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ҫollaku, M. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026190
Zhang, L., & Yang, X. (2026) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70124
Estilos de apego y depresión en la victimización de la violencia de pareja: Estudio explicativo
Jiménez, H. M. S. (2026) · Ajayu Órgano de Difusión Científica del Departamento de Psicología UCBSP · doi:10.35319/ajayu.241371
Arnett, J. C., Vazquez, V. E., Lowell, J. R., & Pate, R. A. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-026-00345-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Similar to reactions to other forms of trauma, insecure attachment may enhance distrust in others and feelings of unlovabil-ity and unworthiness [44], which are associated with BPD symptomology.”
- Authors
- Smagur, K. E., Bogat, G. A., & Levendosky, A. A.
- Venue
- Psychology of Violence
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 460-469
- ISSN
- 2152-081X (ISSN-L)
- 2152-0828
- OpenAlex
- W2742772820
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychology of Violence (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Justice
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- insecure attachment, intimate partner violence, child abuse, depressive symptoms, women, mediation, adult attachment
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