The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Physical Basis for Life Detection Experiments
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Atmospheric species such as oxygen and methane (and other reduced gases) should not coexist in appreciable quantities in an equilibrium atmosphere (Lovelock, 1965; Sagan et al., 1993), yet they do on our living planet.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Lovelock, 1965
In the citing paper
“Life has caused changes to the composition of Earth's atmosphere (Lovelock, 1965) that are detectable by spectroscopy.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Lovelock, 1965
In the citing paper
“A more general biosignature, which has not been considered for the early Earth, is atmospheric chemical disequilibrium, evident in the coexistence of two or more long-term incompatible gases (17–20).”
From Disequilibrium biosignatures over Earth history and implications for detecting exoplanet life (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
Cites
Schrödinger, E. (1944) · Cited by 2,400
Bernal, J. D. (1949) · Proceedings of the Physical Society Section A · doi:10.1088/0370-1298/62/11/512 · Cited by 535
The Thermodynamics of the Steady State
Denbigh, K. G., & Callen, H. B. (1952) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.1933259 · Cited by 324
The Logic of Personal Knowledge
Polanyi Festschrift Committee (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315694658 · Cited by 126
The Paraffin Hydrocarbons of Wool Wax. Normal, Iso, Anteiso, and Other Branched Isomers
Mold, J. D., Means, R. E., Stevens, R. K., & Ruth, J. M. (1964) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00897a018 · Cited by 43
Hydrocarbons in terrestrial samples and the Orgueil meteorite
Meinschein, W. G. (1963) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/bf00172443 · Cited by 36
A New Interpretation of Martian Phenomena
Kiess, C. C., Karrer, S., & Kiess, H. K. (1960) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/127522 · Cited by 23
Does Quantum Mechanics Exclude Life?
Landsberg, P. T. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/203928a0 · Cited by 19
(2024) · University of Ottawa Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.12900782.14 · Cited by 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 446
Exoplanetary Biosignatures for Astrobiology
Grenfell, J. L. (2018) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96175-0_11 · Cited by 4
What Was Whole about the Whole Earth? Cold War and Scientific Revolution
Poole, R. W. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137438744_11 · Cited by 3
Andersson, D. (2023) · Punctum Books · doi:10.53288/0406.1.00 · Cited by 3
Gas chromatography for space research
Brazhnikov, V. V. (1970) · Chromatographia · doi:10.1007/bf02268488 · Cited by 3
CO2: from waste to resource for methanol-based processes
Pongrácz, É., Turpeinen, E., Raudaskoski, R., Ballivet‐Tkatchenko, D., & Keiski, R. L. (2009) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management · doi:10.1680/warm.2009.162.4.215 · Cited by 3
Exoplanet atmospheres: A theoretical outlook
Seager, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921311020187 · Cited by 3
The Natural History of Earth: Debating Long-Term Change in the Geosphere and Biosphere
Huggett, R. J. (2006) · doi:10.4324/9780203004074 · Cited by 3
The search for living worlds and the connection to our cosmic origins
Barstow, M. A., Aigrain, S., Barstow, J. K., Barthélémy, M., Biller, B. A., Bonanos, A. Z., Buchhave, L. A., Casewell, S. L., Charbonnel, C., Charlot, S., et al. (2021) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09787-9 · Cited by 3
A Teoria Gaia é um conteúdo legítimo no ensino médio de Ciências?
Guimarães, M. D. M., Tavares, M. D. L., Neto, N. D. F. N., El-Hani, C. N., & do Carmo, R. S. (2012) · Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental · doi:10.18675/2177-580x.vol3.n1.p73-104 · Cited by 3
Nitzke, S., & Pethes, N. (2017) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.14361/9783839439562 · Cited by 4
A New Method for Calibration of Gain Variation in a Detector System
Goda, S., & Matsuo, T. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaeb29 · Cited by 4
Exoplanet detection methods and transit spectrometer equipment of astronomical telescopes
Wang, F., Fan, X., Wang, H., Shen, Y., & Pan, Y. X. (2020) · AOPC 2020: Optical Sensing and Imaging Technology · doi:10.1117/12.2579795 · Cited by 3
深入探索全球变化机制—国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划的战略研究
《全, 球. (2012) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/zd-2012-42-6-795 · Cited by 3
Kramer, W. R. (2012) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 3
Membrane-Spanning Molecular Lengths as an Agnostic Biosignature
Malaska, M. J., Sandström, H., Hofmann, A. E., Hodyss, R., Rensmo, L., van der Meulen, M., Rahm, M., Cable, M. L., & Lunine, J. I. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2024.0125 · Cited by 3
Hystad, G., Cleaves, H. J., Garmon, C. A., Wong, M. L., Prabhu, A., Cody, G. D., & Hazen, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Machine Learning and Computation · doi:10.1029/2024jh000441 · Cited by 2
What is the Unit of Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence, Relational Ethics and the Earth System
Skene, K. R. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10329-7 · Cited by 3
Is ozone a reliable proxy for molecular oxygen?
Kozakis, T., Mendonça, J. M., Buchhave, L. A., & Lara, L. M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555289 · Cited by 2
Maris, A., Favero, L. B., Song, W., Lv, D., Evangelisti, L., & Melandri, S. (2022) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550422000271 · Cited by 2
First on-sky results of a Fabry–Perot Instrument for Oxygen Searches (FIOS) prototype
Rukdee, S., Ben-Ami, S., López‐Morales, M., Szentgyorgyi, A. H., Charbonneau, D., García‐Mejía, J., & Büchner, J. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346619 · Cited by 2
Kok, M. G. M., & Mora, M. F. (2024) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.202400162 · Cited by 2
Bistability of Atmospheric Oxygen and the Great Oxidation: Implications for Life Detection
Goldblatt, C., Watson, A. J., & Lento, T. M. (2009) · Cited by 2
How to search for life on other worlds
McKay, C. P. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812958.024 · Cited by 2
Grenfell, J. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_68-1 · Cited by 2
Interferometric Space Missions for Exoplanet Science: Legacy of Darwin/TPF
Defrère, D., Absil, O., & Beichman, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_82-1 · Cited by 2
Bollin, E. M. (1969) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395734-4.50053-9 · Cited by 2
Serabyn, E., Kim, T. D., Liewer, K. M., Lindensmith, C. A., Wallace, J. K., Oborny, N. J., Bedrossian, M., Rider, S., & Nadeau, J. (2020) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172331 · Cited by 2
Janin, E. (2021) · Astronomy & Geophysics · doi:10.1093/astrogeo/atab104 · Cited by 3
Biofinder detects biological remains in Green River fish fossils from Eocene epoch at video speed
Misra, A. K., Rowley, S. J., Zhou, J., Acosta-Maeda, T. E., Dasilveira, L. A., Ravizza, G., Ohtaki, K. K., Weatherby, T. M., Trimble, A. Z., Boll, P., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14410-8 · Cited by 2
Simoncini, E., Kleidon, A., Gallori, E., & . (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1008.2176 · Cited by 3
Theory into Practice in Environmental Education: Towards an evidence-based approach
Katayama, J. (2009) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) · Cited by 2
Goldblatt, C. (2017) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_107-1 · Cited by 2
Head, M. J., McNeill, J., & Zalasiewicz, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21964-1.00039-2 · Cited by 2
Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Planetary Machinery: The Dynamics of the Earth System Prior to Significant Human Influence
(2005) · Global change - the IGBP series · doi:10.1007/3-540-26607-0_2 · Cited by 1
Schulze‐Makuch, D., & Irwin, L. N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97658-7_2 · Cited by 1
Wilkinson, D. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192884640.003.0004 · Cited by 1
Beyond fatalism: Gaia, entropy, and the autonomy of anthropogenic life on Earth
Merlo, A., & Barandiaran, X. E. (2024) · Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics · doi:10.3354/esep00213 · Cited by 1
Young, A. V., Robinson, T. D., Krissansen‐Totton, J., Schwieterman, E. W., Arney, G., Lindberg, G. E., & Thomas, C. A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/addbd7 · Cited by 1
Powerful Lightning on Venus Constrained by Atmospheric NO
Constantinou, T., Shorttle, O., & Rimmer, P. B. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae0e0c · Cited by 1
Schulze‐Makuch, D., & Irwin, L. N. (2008) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76817-3_2 · Cited by 1
Gamache, R. R., & Renaud, C. L. (2017) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/810/1/012032 · Cited by 1
Lateral force separation of biopolymers using an atomic force microscope
Anderson, M. S. (2023) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/5.0153116 · Cited by 1
An Informational–Entropic Approach to Exoplanet Characterization
Vannah, S., Stiehl, I. D., & Gleiser, M. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27040385 · Cited by 2
Modelling exo-biospheres for biosignature predictions
Nicholson, A. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0098 · Cited by 1
Searches for Habitable Exoplanets
Seager, S. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511902574.017 · Cited by 1
Grenfell, J. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_68 · Cited by 1
Holocene stability: climate attractor, or lucky break?Preprint
McKay, D. I. A. (2025) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-3886 · Cited by 1
The Role of Carbon Dioxide in the Evolution of Intelligence: Solving the Dinosauroid QuestionPreprint
Bardi, U. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/iknuzu · Cited by 3
Internal structure and mineralogy of low-mass terrestrial exoplanets
Brugger, B. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1fe771a1zc526z4550zb858zcb0c4fc551d1 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of the Atmospheric Chemical Entropy Production of Mars
Delgado-Bonal, A., & Martín‐Torres, J. (2015) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e17075047
15 Coupled Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere an dB iosphere
Catling, D. C. (2005)
Detectability of biosignature gases in the atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets
Messenger, S. J. (2013) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Alien life: remarks on the exobiological perspective in recent terrestrial biology
Brandstetter, T. (2011) · Studies in space policy · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0280-0_11
Ways to Detect Life on New Planets
Ollivier, M. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1017-7_57
Grenfell, J. L. (2009) · Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Group VI, Astronomy and astrophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_26
The search for exomoons and the characterization of exoplanet atmospheresPreprint
Campanella, G. (2009) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0910.0484
A DTA-EGA EXPERIMENT FOR A LIGHTWEIGHT MARTIAN LANDED CAPSULE
Bollin, E. M. (1969) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-395733-7.50025-3
Holistic scientists should get political
Wakeford, T. (2005) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.007
Implications of Curiosity's findings for the Viking labeled-release experiment and life on Mars
Levin, G. V. (2013) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2023063
Ball, P. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/news.2009.390
Detection of Long Chain Bio-Polymers using Atomic Force Microscopy
Anderson, M. S. (2012)
Merging of organismal and ecological physiology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0006
Nutrient cycling as an emergent property
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0009
Microontologies of Environment
Hird, M. J. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230242210_6
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0011
Introducing the thought experiment
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0001
Ecological hypercycles—covering a planet with life
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0005
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Ulmschneider, P. (2003) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43212-9_7
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0004
The Search for Another Earth-Like Planet and Life Elsewhere
Krissansen‐Totton, J., & Catling, D. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316809648.004
Host Star Driven Photochemistry in Exoplanet Atmospheres
Linsky, J. L. (2019) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11452-7_11
Digital Holographic Microscope Trades for Extant Life Detection Applications
Lindensmith, C. A., Serabyn, E., Wallace, J. K., Bedrossian, M., Rider, S., & Nadeau, J. (2019) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero.2019.8742111
Vom Elektroneneinfangdetektor zur Gaia‐Theorie
Hübner, K. (2019) · Chemie in unserer Zeit · doi:10.1002/ciuz.201900032
Photochemical Reduction of CO2 on Terrestrial Planets
Civiš, S., Knížek, A., Ferus, M., & Kubelík, P. (2019) · International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks · doi:10.1109/icton.2019.8840500
Habitable Zones in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., & Franck, S. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527621361.ch11
(2016) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822373810-009
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85537-2.00052-8
The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
(2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-32838-6_8
Ozaki, K., Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., et al. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-12-rc1
Coker, J. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733175972.793567051
Amils, R. (2015) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_613
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0003
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0008
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0007
Amils, R. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_613-2
Beer, J., McCracken, K. G., & Steiger, R. V. (2011) · Physics of earth and space environments · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0_22
(2018) · Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781350075115.ch-005
TECNOMIA E DEMOGRAMÁTICA: DIREITO E TÉCNICA NO NOMOS DAS PLATAFORMAS
Magalhães, J. A. R. (2021) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.53235
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0002
Liberles, D. A. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.730776259.793538319
Vita‐Finzi, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33850-7_7
Harding, S. P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.91044-4
Serafin, R. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/04156-5
Ozaki, K. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-12-ac2
Ozaki, K. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2022-12-ac1
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0003
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0004
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.002.0005
Metadata
- Authors
- LOVELOCK, J. E.
- Corresponding author
- LOVELOCK, J. E.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1965-08
- Volume
- 207
- Issue
- 4997
- Pages
- 568-570
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2005686998
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- life detection, biosignatures, physical basis of life, astrobiology, exoplanet biosignatures, high-contrast imaging
- MeSH terms
- Astronomy, Biochemical Phenomena, Biochemistry, Biology, Extraterrestrial Environment, Astronomical Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review