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Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala
Open accessAbstract
If subjects are shown an angry face as a target visual stimulus for less than forty milliseconds and are then immediately shown an expressionless mask, these subjects report seeing the mask but not the target. However, an aversively conditioned masked target can elicit an emotional response from subjects without being consciously perceived. Here we study the mechanism of this unconsciously mediated emotional learning. We measured neural activity in volunteer subjects who were presented with two angry faces, one of which, through previous classical conditioning, was associated with a burst of white noise. In half of the trials, the subjects' awareness of the angry faces was prevented by backward masking with a neutral face. A significant neural response was elicited in the right, but not left, amygdala to masked presentations of the conditioned angry face. Unmasked presentations of the same face produced enhanced neural activity in the left, but not right, amygdala. Our results indicate that, first, the human amygdala can discriminate between stimuli solely on the basis of their acquired behavioural significance, and second, this response is lateralized according to the subjects' level of awareness of the stimuli.
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“in the waking brain subcortical regions such as amygdala, nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus, pulvinar, along with the ACC and OFC are involved in conscious and unconscious emotional processing”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Anger as well as fear are accepted to be amygdala-mediated emotions and behaviors that concur with sympathetic arousal in the need of prefrontal control when inhibition is desired (e.g., Morris et al., 1998; Whalen et al., 1998; Izdebski, 2008; see Kreibig, 2010 for a review on autonomic responses to emotions).”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 1998
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“Strikingly, of the eight studies that examined cerebral responses to fearful faces, six pointed to the critical involvement of the amygdala (Morris et al., 1996; Breiter et al., 1996; Phillips et al., 1997; Phillips et al., 1998a; Morris et al., 1998a; Whalen et al., 1998a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialContributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
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“In addition, a subliminally presented CS—one presented so quickly that subjects are unaware of its presentation—leads to coactivation between the amygdala and both the superior colliculus and pulvinar, which was not apparent for a CS presented supraliminally (Morris et al., 1998a).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Dolan, R. J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 393
- Issue
- 6684
- Pages
- 467-470
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1883268346
- Cited by
- 1,665
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 31.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- amygdala, emotional learning, backward masking, masked stimuli, conscious perception, hemispheric lateralization, aversive conditioning, angry faces, classical conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Anger, Conditioning, Classical, Consciousness, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Functional Laterality, Learning, Male, Tomography, Emission-Computed
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