The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phenotype-genotype relationships in monogenic disease: lessons from the thalassaemias
Abstract
The remarkable phenotypic diversity of the beta-thalassaemias reflects the heterogeneity of mutations at the beta-globin locus, the action of many secondary and tertiary modifiers, and a wide range of environmental factors. It is likely that phenotype-genotype relationships will be equally complex in the case of many monogenic diseases. These findings highlight the problems that might be encountered in defining the relationship between the genome and the environment in multifactorial disorders, in which the degree of heritability might be relatively low and several environmental agents are involved. They also emphasize the value of an understanding of phenotype-genotype relationships in designing approaches to gene therapy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Patients affected by sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia experience a milder course of the disease if they express elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin in adulthood (Platt et al., 1994; Weatherall, 2001).”
From Reactivation of developmentally silenced globin genes by forced chromatin looping (2014) · cites this paper as Weatherall, 2001
Citations
Cites
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease
Scriver, R. C. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,101
The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease
Chen, Y.-T. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,928
Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria
Hill, A. V. S., Allsopp, C. E. M., Kwiatkowski, D. P., Anstey, N. M., Twumasi, P., Rowe, P. A., Bennett, S., Brewster, D., McMichael, A. J., & Greenwood, B. M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/352595a0 · Cited by 1,573
Variation in the TNF-α promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria
McGuire, W. L., Hill, A. V. S., Allsopp, C. E. M., Greenwood, B. M., & Kwiatkowski, D. P. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371508a0 · Cited by 1,166
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease
Bunn, H. F. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199709113371107 · Cited by 1,154 · cited 1×
“At this level of sickleable cells, or above, vaso-occlusive episodes are commo”
BackgroundWeatherall, D. J., & Clegg, J. B. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470696705 · Cited by 1,077
Messenger RNA degradation in eukaryotes
Sachs, A. B. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)80043-e · Cited by 846
(1973) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb111034.x · Cited by 808
Global prevalence of putative haemochromatosis mutations.
Merryweather‐Clarke, A. T., Pointon, J. J., Shearman, J. R., & Robson, K. (1997) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.34.4.275 · Cited by 781
The Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases.
(1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-6-950_3 · Cited by 640
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Huisman, T. H. J., Carver, M. F. H. & Efremov, G. D. A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants (Sickle Cell Foundation, Augusta, Georgia, 1998).
- Weatherall, D. J. Pathophysiology of thalassaemia. Clin. Haematol. 11 , 127–146 (1998).
- Huisman, T. H. J., Carver, M. F. H. & Baysal, E. A Syllabus of Thalassemia Mutations 1– 309 (The Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation, Augusta, Georgia, 1997).A complete and detailed catalogue of all the published thalassaemia mutations and their geographical distribution up to 1997.
- Kazazian, H. H., Dowling, C. E., Hurwitz, R. L., Coleman, M. & Adams, J. G. I. Thalassemia mutations in exon 3 of the β-globin gene often cause a dominant form of thalassemia and show no predilection for malarial-endemic regions of the world. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45, A242 ( 1989).
- Thein, S. L. in Baillière's Clinical Haematology. International Practice and Research: The Haemoglobinopathies (eds Higgs, D. R. & Weatherall, D. J.) 151–176 (Baillière Tindall, London, 1993).
- Thein, S. L. & Weatherall, D. J. in Hemoglobin Switching. B. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms (eds Stamatoyannopoulos, G. & Nienhuis, A. W.) 97–112 (Alan R. Liss, New York, 1989).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–692 of 692
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum infections : Influence on protective malaria immunity
Bereczky, S. (2005) · Figshare
Susceptibility to Malaria, Genetics of
Berghout, J., & Gros, P. (2007) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020218
Lessons from single gene disorders
Hastie, N. D. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543555.011
Gene promoter analysis and molecular diagnostics – Application to erythroid-specific gene expression
de Vooght, K. M. K. (2008) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Tatu, T., Sritong, W., & Sanguansermsri, T. (2014) · Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand
REGULATION OF THE MOUSE AND HUMAN β-GLOBIN GENES BY KRÜPPEL LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS KLF1 AND KLF2
Alhashem, Y. N. (2012) · PubMed Central · doi:10.25772/tpyr-kk74
Genetic studies of skin barrier defects with focus on atopic dermatitis
Winge, M. C. G. (2012) · Figshare
Trent, R. J. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012699057-7/50003-5
ROLES OF KRÜPPEL LIKE FACTORS KLF1, KLF2, AND KLF4 IN EMBRYONIC BETA-GLOBIN GENE EXPRESSION
Alhashem, Y. N. (2009) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/bkr1-jh50
A family survey of syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine in patients with β-thalassemia
Wang, W. (2009) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.3736/jcim20090204
Genetic Counselling in the Beta-Thalassaemias
Ioannides, A. S. (2013) · Thalassemia Reports · doi:10.4081/thal.2013.s1.e35
A family with multiple mutations and sequence variations in the α- and β-globin gene clusters
de Vooght, K. M. K., van Wijk, R., Rijksen, G., & van Solinge, W. W. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2008.037
Syndromes drépanocytaires atypiques : à propos de deux cas
Bouzid, K., Odièvre, M., Ithier, G., Benkerrou, M., Couque, N., Élion, J., & Ducrocq, R. (2011) · Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée · doi:10.1016/j.immbio.2011.10.003
Genetic Epidemiology of Complex Traits
Rana, B. K., Vivo, I. D., & Schork, N. J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005412.pub3
Claiborn, K. C. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci45091
Kanaka, N., Devi, D., Sree, M. S., & Abhinaya, M. (2012)
Strategy for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) by Using Human
Rudan, I., Biloglav, Z., Carothers, A. D., Wright, A. F., & Harry, H. (2006)
''So Mortal and So Strange a Pang'': A Tribute to
Weiss, K. M., & Bigham, A. W. (2007)
Site-directed integration using the Cre/lox system in hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells
Faulkes, S. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0090532
Paternalism in public health: the challenge of the new genomics
Noone, P. (2012) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqs030
Diamond Blackfan anaemia in the UK: clinical and genetic
Orfali, K. A., Ohene‐Abuakwa, Y., & Ball, S. E. (2004)
Machado, P., Mendes, C., & Arez, A. P. (2010)
THE IMPORTANCE OF IRP AS REGULATORS OF IRON METABOLISM IN β THALASSEMIA PATIENTS
Kartal, Y., Kaya-Akyüzlü, D., & Kayaaltı, Z. (2016) · MARMARA PHARMACEUTCAL JOURNAL · doi:10.12991/mpj.20162098496
Oxidative Imbalance in Hereditary Hemoglobinopathies
Fuchs, J., Podda, M., & Rachmilewitz, E. A. (2003) · Oxidative stress and disease · doi:10.1201/9780203912874.ch14
A doença falciforme e suas manifestações bucais
Pedro, K. P. (2013)
Danckwardt, S., Hentze, M. W., & Kulozik, A. E. (2016)
Thalassemia and sickle cell disease
Roberts, I. A. G., & de la Fuente, J. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10147-2.50021-7
Nonmalignant Hematologic Diseases
Goetsch, A. L., Kimelman, D., & Woodruff, T. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52316-3_5
Emerging Techniques for Thalassemia Gene Detection
Zeng, L., Yu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.75695
Mehraei, M. (2016) · Eastern Mediterranean University Institutional Repository (Eastern Mediterranean University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.13627.31526
The European History of Health Project
Steckel, R. H., Larsen, C. S., Roberts, C. A., & Baten, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.003
Milenković, J., Stojanović, D. R., & Najdanović, J. G. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.94081
Database Creation, Management, and Analysis
Roberts, C. A., Steckel, R. H., & Larsen, C. S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.017
An early start of Coup-TFII promotes γ-globin gene expression in adult erythroid cells
Bottardi, S., & Milot, É. (2021) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2020.266791
Gene Therapy in Global Health: Meeting the Needs of Chinese Patients with Beta-Thalassemia
Flotte, T. R. (2021) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2021.29162.trf
Flotte, T. R. (2021) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2021.29168.trf
A Paradigm shift in genotype‐phenotype relationships in β‐thalassaemia
Rund, D. G. (2021) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.17914
Genetic analysis of murine malaria
Campino, S. G. (2003) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
(2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119836070.refs
Templeton, A. R. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470047356.refs
Steckel, R. H., Larsen, C. S., Roberts, C. A., & Baten, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.002
Steckel, R. H., Larsen, C. S., Roberts, C. A., & Baten, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.001
Beta-Thalassemia major with Gaucher disease
Ibrahimi, M. A., Hakimi, T., & Halimi, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Surgery Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijso.2022.100460
Darwin and the Idea of Natural Selection
Dover, G. A. (2006) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005883
Why Disease Persists: An Evolutionary Nosology
Perlman, R. L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5216-2_8
Genetic Epidemiology of Complex Traits
Rana, B. K., & Schork, N. J. (2006) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1038/npg.els.0005412
Petrides, P. E. (2003) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06058-2_11
(2004) · Encyclopedic Dictionary of Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1002/0471684228.egp12511
Therapeutic Options for Patients with Severe ? -Thalassemia: The Need for Globin Gene Therapy
Sadelain, M., Boulad, F., Galanello, R., Giardina, P. J., Locatelli, F., Maggio, A., Rivella, S., Rivière, I., & Tisdale, J. F. (2006) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-272
Steckel, R. H., Larsen, C. S., Roberts, C. A., & Baten, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.018
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22061-6.50434-1
Sherchand, O., KC, R., Majhi, S., Lamsal, M., & Baral, N. (2013) · Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal · doi:10.3126/joim.v35i1.8894
Mohammed, E., Elmosaad, Y. M., & Waggiallah, H. A. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2022.1094.1099
Şimdivar, G. H. N., İncekalan, T. K., & Tuncel, D. A. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/25158414231165824
Afshar, P. T., Taherian, Z., Nouri, N., Zaker, E., Asadi, S., Rami, F., Bakhtiyari, R., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Salehi, M. (2023) · Hematology in Clinical Practice · doi:10.5603/hcp.2023.0005
Gamberini, M. R., Zuccato, C., Zurlo, M., Cosenza, L. C., Finotti, A., & Gambari, R. (2023) · Hematology Reports · doi:10.3390/hematolrep15030044 · Cited by 1
Stem Cell Transplant for Hemoglobinopathies
Sharma, S. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5802-1_28
戴, 晓. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.13112388
Rashid, N. M., & Sultan, A. A. (2024) · Iraq Medical Journal · doi:10.22317/imj.v8i2.1284
Cauda equina syndrome with beta thalassemia: a case report
Almoallem, A., Alhamad, S. M., Dajim, N. B., Harfouch, E. B., & Bashir, S. (2024) · Spinal Cord Series and Cases · doi:10.1038/s41394-024-00681-y
The Relationship Between Vitamin D and Left Ventricular Function in Thalassemia Major Patients
Tuncel, D. A., Kamış, Ş. Ç., & Yağcı‐Küpeli, B. (2024) · Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.35440/hutfd.1566315
Almorish, M., Al-Gahwashi, R. M., & Al-Jaufy, A. Y. (2024) · مجلة جامعة صنعاء للطب والعلوم الصحية · doi:10.59628/jchm.v18i5.1381
Comprehensive analysis of sickle β+-thalassemia genotypes and their associated HbA levels in France
Baltus, C., Moutereau, S., Couque, N., Allaf, B., Giansily‐Blaizot, M., Boutin, J., Lee, K., Bernit, E., Cadet, E., Bobée, V., et al. (2025) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2025.102923
Aswad, H. A., Haleem, A. A., & Eissa, A. A. (2025) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s12185-025-04067-0
Pearson, D. L., Winger, B. A., & Ebisu, K. (2025) · Environmental Research Health · doi:10.1088/2752-5309/ae09d1
Nkya, S., Mwita, L. A., Mgaya, J., Kumburu, H. H., van Zwetselaar, M., Menzel, S., Mazandu, G. K., Sangeda, R., Chimusa, E. R., & Makani, J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12440711
Lan, L., Zheng, Z., & Wu, H. (2025) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s567328
Unraveling the genetic landscape of sickle cell disease in India: A literature review
Chhabra, K., Lella, V. V., Sharma, S., Walimbe, S., Rajesh, C., & Kuppili, S. (2026) · Medicine India · doi:10.25259/medindia_33_2025
Babalola, O. A., Brown, B. J., Fasola, F. A., Zhang, J., Zheng, Y., Odetunde, A., Falusi, A. G., & Olopade, O. I. (2026) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v15i1.2985
Hernández, C. L., Aguado, S., Sánchez-Martínez, L. J., Jn, R., Palma, A., Ropero, P., & Calderón, R. (2026) · Hemoglobin · doi:10.1080/03630269.2026.2632763
Bedhiafi, W. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d63cc072z8a6dz4d88zabdbzd4b304c6abf3
Base editing approaches for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies
Antoniou, P. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c4dddb32zf8aez4bc3z8cf8zce9a4e808265
Base editing approaches for the treatment of ß-hemoglobinopathies
Hardouin, G. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/593cd291z9d0ez45a6z82cdz64ffb2e65ff8
Genome and epigenome editing approaches to treat β-hemoglobinopathies
Fontana, L. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f1623d8bz5529z4d2dzb255z45ed273f643c
Cohrt, K. O., & O’Dea, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27083384
Zhang, L., Zhuang, J., Huang, N., Fu, W., & Chen, C. (2026) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-026-06997-z
G2PDiffusion: Cross-Species Genotype-to-Phenotype Prediction Via Evolutionary Diffusion
Liu, M., Gao, Z., Chang, H., Li, S. Z., Shan, S., & Chen, X. (2025) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01925
Kravljanac, R., Klaassen, K., Oparnica, V., Tadić, B. V., Andjelković, M., Skakić, A., Stankovic, S., & Stojiljković, M. (2026) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases14050166
Modeling Therapeutic Targets: $$\beta $$-Globin Disorders and Beyond
Bashirov, R. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20041-9_4
dos Santos, E. A., Wermelinger, L. S., & de Carvalho, R. S. (2026) · Thalassemia Reports · doi:10.3390/thalassrep16020010
Filho, M. F. D. M., Santana, I. L. R., da Silva, P. L. P., & Venâncio, L. P. R. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12151-9
Abed, N. K. (2026) · European journal of ecology, biology and agriculture. · doi:10.59324/ejeba.2026.3(3).25
Pathak, M. S., Chisty, S. J. S., Pathak, P., Borah, M. S., & Mazumder, T. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.115076
du Plessis, N. (2007) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Weatherall, D. J.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Weatherall, D. J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2001-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-255
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- OpenAlex
- W1598569053
- Cited by
- 692
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics (clinical) › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- genotype-phenotype correlation, beta-thalassemia, monogenic disorders, genetic modifiers, environmental factors, heritability, complex diseases, gene therapy
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Bilirubin, Bone Diseases, Environment, Genes, Dominant, Genes, Recessive, Multigene Family, Genotype, Hemoglobins, Humans, Iron, Mutation, Phenotype, Thalassemia, Genetic Variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review