Cited by 454Protist diversity and phylogenyChromosomal and Genetic VariationsPhotosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms

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The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus

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Douglas, Susan, Zauner, Stefan, Fraunholz, Martin, Beaton, Margaret, Penny, Susanne, Deng, Lang-Tuo, Wu, Xiaonan, Reith, Michael, Cavalier-Smith, Thomas, Maier, Uwe-G·2001·Nature

DOI 10.1038/35074092

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Abstract

Chromophyte algae differ fundamentally from plants in possessing chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll c and that have a more complex bounding-membrane topology. Although chromophytes are known to be evolutionary chimaeras of a red alga and a non-photosynthetic host, which gave rise to their exceptional membrane complexity, their cell biology is poorly understood. Cryptomonads are the only chromophytes that still retain the enslaved red algal nucleus as a minute nucleomorph. Here we report complete sequences for all three nucleomorph chromosomes from the cryptomonad Guillardia theta. This tiny 551-kilobase eukaryotic genome is the most gene-dense known, with only 17 diminutive spliceosomal introns and 44 overlapping genes. Marked evolutionary compaction hundreds of millions of years ago eliminated nearly all the nucleomorph genes for metabolic functions, but left 30 for chloroplast-located proteins. To allow expression of these proteins, nucleomorphs retain hundreds of genetic-housekeeping genes. Nucleomorph DNA replication and periplastid protein synthesis require the import of many nuclear gene products across endoplasmic reticulum and periplastid membranes. The chromosomes have centromeres, but possibly only one loop domain, offering a means for studying eukaryotic chromosome replication, segregation and evolution.

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Authors: Douglas, S., Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., Beaton, M., Penny, S., Deng, L.-T., Wu, X., Reith, M., Cavalier-Smith, T., & Maier, U.-G.
Affiliations: Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
ORCID: Fraunholz, Martin
Penny, Susanne
Wu, Xiaonan
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-04-26
Volume: 410
Issue: 6832
Pages: 1091-1096
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/35074092
OpenAlex: W1582655487
Cited by: 454
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 12.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
European Commission
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Natural Environment Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Keywords: nucleomorph, cryptophytes, Guillardia theta, genome reduction, spliceosomal introns, chloroplast proteins, centromere, chromosome replication, chromosome segregation, endoplasmic reticulum
MeSH terms: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Base Sequence, Cell Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Chromosome Mapping, Molecular Sequence Data, Symbiosis, Genome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Eukaryota

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The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus

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