The bacterial toxin toolkit
Open accessAbstract
Pathogenic bacteria and higher eukaryotes have spent a long time together, leading to a precise understanding of one another's way of functioning. Through rapid evolution, bacteria have engineered increasingly sophisticated weapons to hit exactly where it hurts, interfering with fundamental host functions. However, toxins are not only useful to the bacteria - they have also become an essential asset for life scientists, who can now use them as toolkits to explore cellular processes.
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Toxins as well as virulence factors produced by MRSA contribute in a major way to the pathogenicity.
“toxins as well as virulence factors produced by MRSA contribute in a major way to the pathogenicity [23].”
From Interactions of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Polymicrobial Wound Infection (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
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“…as cytoskeletal structure, signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and programmed cell death, allowing bacteria to precisely modulate host tissues and systems for the benefit of the pathogen (Barbieri et al., 2002; Lerm et al., 2000; Schiavo and van der Goot, 2001; Stebbins and Galan, 2001b).”
BackgroundPathways followed by protein toxins into cells
Sandvig, K., Spilsberg, B., Lauvrak, S. U., Torgersen, M. L., Iversen, T., & van Deurs, B. O. (2004) · International Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1078/1438-4221-00294 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Fischer, O. M., Giordano, S., Comoglio, P. M., & Ullrich, A. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m402508200 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
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Bacterial subversion of lipid rafts
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Sustainable Approaches to Controlling Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
Kannan, V. R., & Bastas, K. K. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18892 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Role of bacteria in carcinogenesis, with special reference to carcinoma of the gallbladder
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Cholera Toxin Entry into Pig Enterocytes Occurs via a Lipid Raft- and Clathrin-Dependent Mechanism
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DBETH: A Database of Bacterial Exotoxins for Human
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Discovery of novel bacterial toxins by genomics and computational biology
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“The Certhrax toxin has subsequently been demonstrated to be 60-times more toxic to mammalian cells than anthrax lethal factor, and has been found to ADP-ribosylate the target, vinculin, which leads to disruption of cell adhesion (Simon and Barbieri, 2014).”
Needle in the haystack: structure-based toxin discovery
Fieldhouse, R. J., & Merrill, A. R. (2008) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2008.08.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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“Hemolytic effects of many protein toxins from animal, plant and microbial origins are often mediated by a specific receptor, which can be either a lipid membrane component, a membrane protein or carbohydrates [32].”
BackgroundToxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pajuelo, D., Tak, U., Zhang, L., Danilchanka, O., Tischler, A. D., & Niederweis, M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26925-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hijacking Rho GTPases by protein toxins and apoptosis: molecular strategies of pathogenic bacteria
Fiorentini, C., Falzano, L., Travaglione, S., & Fabbri, A. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401151 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Biology of Lysenin, a Protein in the Coelomic Fluid of the Earthworm Eisenia foetida
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Analysis of lectin binding to glycolipid complexes using combinatorial glycoarrays
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“Glycobiology vol. 19 no. 7 pp. 789–796, 2009 doi:10.1093/glycob/cwp049 Advance Access publication on April 6, 2009 Analysis of lectin binding to glycolipid complexes using combinatorial glycoarrays”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPasteurella multocida toxin as a tool for studying Gq signal transduction
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Cholera- and Anthrax-Like Toxins Are among Several New ADP-Ribosyltransferases
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“translocation domains, to study cell biology [12,13], to understand”
BackgroundExploring the potential of phytochemicals and nanomaterial: A boon to antimicrobial treatment
Yadav, H., Mahalvar, A., Pradhan, M., Yadav, D. K., Sahu, K. K., & Yadav, R. (2023) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2023.100151 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Exploitation of the endoplasmic reticulum by bacterial pathogens
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Putting on the brakes: Bacterial impediment of wound healing
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Evolutionary Features in the Structure and Function of Bacterial Toxins
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Getting muscles moving again after botulinum toxin: novel therapeutic challenges
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Anthrax toxin triggers the activation of src -like kinases to mediate its own uptake
Abrami, L., Kunz, B., & van der Goot, F. G. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910782107 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Therefore, the enzymatic subunit must be taken up by the cell and subsequently translocated across some intracellular membrane (endosomes or endoplasmic reticulum) to reach the cytoplasm (1).”
BackgroundBallestriero, F., Thomas, T., Burke, C., Egan, S., & Kjelleberg, S. J. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00695-10 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Rho-activating CNF1 toxin from pathogenic E. coli: A risk factor for human cancer development?
Travaglione, S., Fabbri, A., & Fiorentini, C. (2008) · Infectious Agents and Cancer · doi:10.1186/1750-9378-3-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“These toxins interfere with key eukaryotic processes, such as cellular signaling components, and some directly attack the genome [25-27].”
Regulation of SNARE-Mediated Membrane Fusion during Exocytosis
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Osman, E. E. A., Rehemtulla, A., & Neamati, N. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00518 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Conformational dynamics of actin: Effectors and implications for biological function
Hild, G., Bugyi, B., & Nyitrai, M. (2010) · Cytoskeleton · doi:10.1002/cm.20473 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pore-forming Esx proteins mediate toxin secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Caveolin-1 binding motif of α-hemolysin: its role in stability and pore formation
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Allen, M. P., Xu, M., Linseman, D. A., Pawlowski, J. E., Bokoch, G., Heidenreich, K. A., & Wierman, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200826200 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Emery, G., Parton, R. G., Rojo, M., & Gruenberg, J. E. (2003) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00802 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…were proposed to act as cargo receptors for GPI-anchored protein transport from the ER to the Golgi complex (Muniz et al., 2001; Muniz et al., 2000; Schimmoller et al., 1995), but also to play a role in quality control, since Kar2p retention in the ER depends on p24 proteins (Elrod-Erickson and…”
BackgroundPolymer antidotes for toxin sequestration
Weisman, A. C., Chou, B., O'Brien, J., & Shea, K. J. (2015) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.011 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Vibrio cholerae haemolysin anion channel is required for cell vacuolation and death
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The Elusive Compass of Clostridial Neurotoxins: Deciding When and Where to Go?
Bercsényi, K., Giribaldi, F., & Schiavo, G. (2012) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationKnockin’ on heaven’s door: Molecular mechanisms of neuronal tau uptake
La‐Rocque, S. D., Moretto, E., Butnaru, I., & Schiavo, G. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15144 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…sphingolipids on the plasma membrane (Costa Verdera, Gitz-Francois, Schiffelers, & Vader, 2017; Mulcahy, Pink, & Carter, 2014), which are known to be exploited by viral and bacterial pathogens for their internalisation (Bavari et al., 2002; Gatfield & Pieters, 2000; Schiavo & van der Goot, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLee, M., Cherla, R. P., & Tesh, V. L. (2010) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins2061515 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fujinaga, Y. (2006) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvj161 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recent Insights into Pasteurella Multocida Toxin and Other G-Protein-Modulating Bacterial Toxins
Wilson, B. A., & Ho, M. (2010) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.10.91 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Information gleaned from these studies has also enabled scientists to exploit many of them as selective and efficient tools in research applications to dissect signaling mechanisms within eukaryotic cells, and as therapeutic agents in clinical applications [1–9].”
BackgroundEntry of Oomycete and Fungal Effectors into Host Cells
Tyler, B. M. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781119949138.ch10 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Defense and death responses to pore forming toxins
Cancino-Rodezno, A., Porta, H., Soberón, M., & Bravo, A. (2009) · Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews · doi:10.5661/bger-26-65 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chromosomal and Plasmid-Encoded Factors of Shigella flexneri Induce Secretogenic Activity Ex Vivo
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“and increasing intestinal secretion [6,7].”
The janus faces of botulinum neurotoxin: Sensational medicine and deadly biological weapon
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Identification and characterization of the Pasteurella multocida toxin translocation domain
Baldwin, M. R., Lakey, J. H., & Lax, A. J. (2004) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04264.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Macromolecular Nanotherapeutics and Antibiotic Adjuvants to Tackle Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Dey, R. K., Mukherjee, S., Barman, S., & Haldar, J. (2021) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.202100182 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lipid Microdomain‐Dependent Macropinocytosis Determines Compartmentation of Afipia felis
Schneider, B. E., Schueller, C., Utermöhlen, O., & Haas, A. (2006) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00525.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“CTB affinity for GM1 is particularly high when the glycolipid is complexed in lipid rafts (8,14,27,28).”
BackgroundIntracellular pathogens in membrane interactions and vacuole biogenesis
Gorvel, J. (2004) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Seshadri, S., Allan, D., Carlyle, J. R., & Zenewicz, L. A. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006690 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Bacterial toxins are valuable molecular tools for elucidating signaling pathways in cells [53].”
BackgroundRinaldi, S., Brennan, K. M., & Willison, H. J. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-373-8_28 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Williams, T. L., & Jenkins, A. T. A. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja710543x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Endocytosing the death sentence
Griffiths, G. M. (2003) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200212143 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A number of bacterial toxins also seem to form pores in endosomal membranes, triggered by the acidic environment ( Schiavo and van der Goot, 2001 ).”
BackgroundBacterial toxins induce non-canonical migracytosis to aggravate acute inflammation
Li, D., Yang, Q., Luo, J., Xu, Y., Li, J., & Tao, L. (2024) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-024-00729-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Heteromeric glycolipid complexes as modulators of autoantibody and lectin binding
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Human α-Defensin-5 Efficiently Neutralizes Clostridioides difficile Toxins TcdA, TcdB, and CDT
Korbmacher, M., Fischer, S., Landenberger, M., Papatheodorou, P., Aktories, K., & Barth, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01204 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Most likely, adefensin-5 is not able to block existing CDTb pores like other known pore blockers such as chloroquine (Schmid et al., 1994) or other related compounds like fluphenazine (Bachmeyer et al., 2001; Bachmeyer et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe Draft Genome Sequence of the Yersinia entomophaga Entomopathogenic Type Strain MH96T
Hurst, C. J., Beattie, A. K., Altermann, E., Moraga, R., Harper, L., Calder, J., & Laugraud, A. (2016) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins8050143 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lyu, C., Ye, Y., Lensing, M., Wagner, K., Weigel, R. J., & Chen, S. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.150532 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Simon, N. C., & Barbieri, J. T. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.500710 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Structural insights into bacterial modulation of the host cytoskeleton
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“Many proteins of pathogenic organisms serve a direct modulatory function in the host, at times through irreversible protein toxins, but frequently through more sophisticated and reversible biochemical manipulation of the host [2,6,12,13].”
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin: a versatile screening tool
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Interplay of bacterial toxins with host defence: Molecular mechanisms of immunomodulatory signalling
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Peptide inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin by mRNA display
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Transport of Toxins across Intracellular Membranes
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Microbial influences on hormesis, oncogenesis, and therapy: A review of the literature
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Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: An Overview
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Structural features common to intracellularly acting toxins from bacteria
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“Bacterial toxins, nevertheless, are useful compounds that can be used as therapeutics and pesticides as well as molecular tools to dissect complex cellular processes (Schiavo and Van der Goot, 2001).”
Background
- Authors
- Schiavo, G., & van der Goot, F. G.
- ORCID
- Schiavo, Giampietro
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2001-07-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 530-537
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2067287813
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Keywords
- bacterial toxins, pathogenic bacteria, host-pathogen interaction, toxin evolution, bacterial virulence
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Toxins, Cell Adhesion, Cell Membrane, Cytoskeleton, Endocytosis, Membrane Fusion, Signal Transduction, Cell Polarity, Two-Hybrid System Techniques, Protein Transport
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