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Discovery of 12 satellites of Saturn exhibiting orbital clustering
Abstract
The giant planets in the Solar System each have two groups of satellites. The regular satellites move along nearly circular orbits in the planet's orbital plane, revolving about it in the same sense as the planet spins. In contrast, the so-called irregular satellites are generally smaller in size and are characterized by large orbits with significant eccentricity, inclination or both. The differences in their characteristics suggest that the regular and irregular satellites formed by different mechanisms: the regular satellites are believed to have formed in an accretion disk around the planet, like a miniature Solar System, whereas the irregulars are generally thought to be captured planetesimals. Here we report the discovery of 12 irregular satellites of Saturn, along with the determinations of their orbits. These orbits, along with the orbits of irregular satellites of Jupiter and Uranus, fall into groups on the basis of their orbital inclinations. We interpret this result as indicating that most of the irregular moons are collisional remnants of larger satellites that were fragmented after capture, rather than being captured independently.
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The stability of distant retrograde orbits is demonstrated by many captured moons in the Solar System.
“The stability of distant retrograde orbits is also demonstrated by many captured moons in the Solar System (Gladman et al., 2001;Nesvorný et al., 2014) and are beneficial for future space missions (Ming and Shijie 2009;Bezrouk and Parker 2017).”
From A Self-Gravitating Exoring Around J1407b and Implications for In-Situ Exomoon Formation (2022) · cites this paper as Gladman et al., 2001
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BackgroundTHE IRREGULAR SATELLITES: THE MOST COLLISIONALLY EVOLVED POPULATIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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“Here we concentrate on irregular satellites orbiting Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, whose populations are complete or nearly so for diameter D > 10 km. Note that we refrain from studying Neptune’s irregular satellites at this time, partly because there are only a handful of known objects, all with D > 35 km, but also be…”
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Krivov, A. V., Sremčević, M., Spahn, F., Dikarev, V., & Kholshevnikov, K. V. (2003) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(02)00147-2 · Cited by 130
WISE / NEOWISE OBSERVATIONS OF THE JOVIAN TROJAN POPULATION: TAXONOMY
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“However, if Gladman et al. (2001) and Grav et al. (2003) are correct that the irregular satellites are grouped into collisional families, the six objects collapse to two D-type families (Sinope and Carme) and one C-type family (Himalia), which is more consistent with the distribution seen among the…”
An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter
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“…irregular satellites have been discovered by ground-based large aperture optical telescopes operating in dedicated survey programs over the past 10 yr (Gladman et al. 1998, 2000, 2001; Sheppard & Jewitt 2003; Holman et al. 2004; Sheppard, Jewitt & Marsden 2005; Sheppard, Jewitt & Kleyna 2006).”
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“2000, 2001; Green 2002) and Saturn (S/2000 S 1-12) (Gladman et al. 2001), more than”
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Yokoyama, T., Santos, M., Cardin, G., & Winter, O. C. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030174 · Cited by 47
“The recent discovery of outer and irregular satellites of Uranus and Saturn (Gladman et al. 1998, 2000, 2001) confirms the remarkable similarity in the architecture of the giant planets.”
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Astakhov, S. A., & Farrelly, D. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08280.x · Cited by 43
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BackgroundThe discovery of faint irregular satellites of Uranus
Kavelaars, J. J., Holman, M. J., Grav, T., Milisavljevic, D., Fraser, W. C., Gladman, B., Petit, J.-M., Rousselot, P., Mousis, O. J., & Nicholson, P. D. (2004) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.009 · Cited by 42
Irregular Satellites in the Context of Planet Formation
Jewitt, D. C., & Sheppard, S. S. (2005) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-005-1965-z · Cited by 42
Capture and Escape in the Elliptic Restricted Three-Body ProblemPreprint
Astakhov, S. A., & Farrelly, D. (2004) · Cited by 42
The Origin of the Natural Satellites
Peale, S. J., & Canup, R. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00177-9 · Cited by 41
On the Secular Behavior of Irregular Satellites
Ćuk, M., & Burns, J. A. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 40
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Irregular satellites of Jupiter: capture configurations of binary-asteroids
Gaspar, H. S., Winter, O. C., & Neto, E. V. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18593.x · Cited by 39
“Another important characteristic of the irregular ones are the family groups, i.e., satellite groups characterized by similar orbital elements (Gladman et al. 2001; Kavelaars et al. 2004).”
BackgroundNEOWISE: OBSERVATIONS OF THE IRREGULAR SATELLITES OF JUPITER AND SATURN
Grav, T., Bauer, J. M., Mainzer, A. K., Masiero, J. R., Nugent, C., Cutri, R. M., Sonnett, S., & Kramer, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/3 · Cited by 38
“One major feature of the irregular satellites is that their orbits are dynamically clustered into families (Gladman et al. 2001; Sheppard & Jewitt 2003; Nesvorný et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe Orbits of the Outer Jovian Satellites
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Porco, C. C., West, R. A., SQUYRES, S. W., McEwen, A. S., Thomas, P. C., Murray, C. D., C, A. D. D. G., Ingersoll, A. P., Johnson, T. V., Neukum, G., et al. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3874-7_6 · Cited by 33
Near-Infrared Photometry of the Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn
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“…Holman (2003) we reported a large set of optical BV RI colors of the irregular satellites and showed that most of the dymanical clusters have homogeneous colors, indicating that the clusters are the result of the capture of larger progenitors that were subsequently disrupted (Gladman et al. 2001).”
BackgroundResultA new perspective on the irregular satellites of Saturn - I. Dynamical and collisional history
Turrini, D., Marzari, F., & Beust, H. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13909.x · Cited by 29
On the chaotic rotation of planetary satellites: The Lyapunov exponents and the energy
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“Continuing discoveries of numbers of new minor planetary satellites (see Gladman et al. 2000, 2001) provide new grounds and necessity for theoretical studies of the rotational dynamics of an asymmetric satellite.”
Irregular Satellites in the Context of Planet Formation
Jewitt, D., & Sheppard, S. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4038-5_22 · Cited by 43
The Orbits of Jupiter’s Irregular Satellites
Brozović, M., & Jacobson, R. A. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa5e4d · Cited by 27
“The general consensus is that the irregular satellites did not form “in situ” but were captured in the early history of the solar system (Saha & Tremaine 1993; Gladman et al. 2001; Asthakov et al. 2003; Nesvorný et al. 2007; Vokrouhlický et al. 2008; Philpott et al. 2010; Gaspar et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSTABILITY OF THE DISTANT SATELLITES OF THE GIANT PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Shen, Y. G., & Tremaine, S. D. (2008) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2453 · Cited by 27
“The search for irregular satellites of the giant planets has been fruitful in recent years, owing mainly to modern highsensitivity, large-scale CCDs (e.g., Gladman et al. 1998, 2000, 2001; Holman et al. 2004; Kavelaars et al. 2004; Sheppard & Jewitt 2003; Sheppard et al. 2005, 2006).”
BackgroundA deeper look at the colors of the saturnian irregular satellites
Grav, T., & Bauer, J. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.020 · Cited by 27
“However, the MPC photometry used in this paper to derive phase curve parameters are well known to the authors, as they are all from survey and follow-up programs in which the authors are members (Gladman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhotometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune
Grav, T., Holman, M. J., & Fraser, W. C. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/424997 · Cited by 25
“This clustering is considered to be evidence that the members of a cluster are remnants of a larger progenitor that was captured and subsequently broken up (Colombo & Franklin 1971; Gladman et al. 2001).”
BackgroundExploring the Saturn System in the Thermal Infrared: The Composite Infrared Spectrometer
Flasar, F. M., Kunde, V. G., Abbas, M. M., Achterberg, R. K., Ade, P. A. R., Barucci, M. A., Bézard, B., Bjoraker, G. L., Brasunas, J. C., Calcutt, S. B., et al. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3874-7_4 · Cited by 24
Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and NeptunePreprint
Grav, T., Holman, M. J., & Fraser, W. C. (2004) · Cited by 24
Denk, T., & Mottola, S. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.040 · Cited by 23
An efficient, low-velocity, resonant mechanism for capture of satellites by a protoplanet
Kortenkamp, S. J. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.020 · Cited by 23
Arakawa, M., & Tomizuka, D. (2004) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.02.009 · Cited by 22
Farkas-Takács, A., Kiss, C., Pál, A., Molnar, L., Szabó, G. M., Hanyecz, O., Sárneczky, K., Szabo, R. M., Marton, G., Mommert, M., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8365 · Cited by 22
“There were several deep surveys of irregular satellites in the 2000s that established the basis of the currently known set of irregular satellites (Gladman et al. 1998, 2000, 2001; Holman et al. 2000, 2003, 2004; Kavelaars et al. 2004; Sheppard & Jewitt 2003; Sheppard et al. 2003, 2005, 2006).”
BackgroundUnusual origin, evolution and fate of icy ejecta from Hyperion
Krivov, A. V., & Banaszkiewicz, M. (2001) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(01)00069-1 · Cited by 21
Effects of Planetary Migration on Natural Satellites of the Outer Planets
Beaugé, C. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6888 · Cited by 20
“For this reason, several authors have suggested that they were not originated from the circumplanetary disk but, rather, consist of exterior planetesimals captured by the planet (see Gladman et al. 2001 and references therein).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmall particles dominate Saturn’s Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances
Hamilton, D. P., Skrutskie, M. F., Verbiscer, A. J., & Masci, F. J. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14476 · Cited by 19
Iwasaki, K., & Ohtsuki, K. (2007) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11750.x · Cited by 19
The effect of Jupiter's mass growth on satellite capture
Neto, E. V., Winter, O. C., & Yokoyama, T. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031645 · Cited by 18
“The vast majority of these satellites were discovered recently (Sheppard et al. 2001, 2002, 2003; Gladman et al. 2000, 2001; Holman et al. 2003).”
BackgroundIrregular satellite capture during planetary resonance passage
Ćuk, M., & Gladman, B. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.005 · Cited by 18
“Gladman / Icarus 183 (2006) 362–372”
New Jupiter and Saturn Satellites Reveal New Moon Dynamical Families
Sheppard, S. S., Tholen, D. J., Alexandersen, M., & Trujillo, C. A. (2023) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/acd766 · Cited by 17
Constraints to Uranus' Great Collision III: The Origin of the Outer Satellites
Brunini, A., Parisi, M. G., & Tancredi, G. (2002) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6922 · Cited by 17
Bauer, J. M., Grav, T., Buratti, B. J., & Hicks, M. D. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.011 · Cited by 15
Koch, F., & Hansen, B. M. S. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19130.x · Cited by 13
“As stated in Nesvorný et al. (2003), this definition of an irregular satellite excludes Neptune’s moon Triton.”
BackgroundInfluentialSolar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope
Holler, B. J., Milam, S. N., Bauer, J. M., Alcock, C. R., Bannister, M. T., Bjoraker, G. L., Bodewits, D., Bosh, A. S., Buie, M. W., Farnham, T. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.4.3.034003 · Cited by 23
“The intent was to group irregular satellites together based on known properties that suggest similar origins either from the same source population or through collisional processes [81-84].”
BackgroundTHE ORBITS OF THE OUTER URANIAN SATELLITES
Brozović, M., & Jacobson, R. A. (2009) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/4/3834 · Cited by 14
New Jupiter Satellites and Moon-Moon Collisions
Sheppard, S. S., Williams, G. V., Tholen, D. J., Trujillo, C. A., Brozović, M., Thirouin, A., Devogèle, M., Föhring, D., Jacobson, R. A., & Moskovitz, N. (2018) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aadd15 · Cited by 13
“Saturn’s progrades show inclination clustering but with less stringent semi-major axis clustering (Gladman et al. (2001), Holt et al. (2018)).”
BackgroundKennedy, G. M., Wyatt, M. C., Su, K. Y. L., & Stansberry, J. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19409.x · Cited by 13
“The argument for doing so could be due to either a better chance of 3 The faintest published survey hasR = 24.5 (Gladman et al. 2001), butJewitt & Haghighipour(2007) list an unpublished survey with a limiting magnitude ofR = 26. c© 0000 RAS, MNRAS000, 000–000 detection (assuming a similar dust…”
BackgroundInfluentialGravitational scattering within the Himalia group of jovian prograde irregular satellites
Christou, A. A. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.016 · Cited by 13
Constraints to Uranus' great collision IV
Parisi, M. G., B, G. C. A., MARIS, M., & Brunini, A. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078265 · Cited by 13
“…on ground-based telescopes, new observational data have increased the known population of Jovian irregulars to 55 (Sheppard et al. 2003), the Saturnian population to 38 (Gladman et al. 2001, Sheppard et al. 2005a, 2006a) and the Neptunian population to 7 (Holman et al. 2004, Sheppard et al. 2006b).”
BackgroundCladistical Analysis of the Jovian and Saturnian Satellite Systems
Holt, T. R., Brown, A. J., Nesvorný, D., Horner, J., & Carter, B. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabe2c · Cited by 18
“The other Saturnian irregular satellites were discovered in extensive surveys during the early 21st century (Gladman et al. 2001; Sheppard et al. 2003a; Jewitt et al. 2005; Sheppard et al. 2006b, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialCladistical analysis of the Jovian and Saturnian Satellite Systems
Holt, T. R., Brown, A. J., David Nesvorný, A., Horner, J., & Carter, B. (2024) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · doi:10.25916/sut.26295844.v1 · Cited by 13
A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness
Sheppard, S. S., Jewitt, D. C., & Kleyna, J. T. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 13
THE ORBITS OF NEPTUNE'S OUTER SATELLITES
Brozović, M., Jacobson, R. A., & Sheppard, S. S. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/4/135 · Cited by 11
“As an ice giant, Neptune most likely did not have dissipative gas drag captures (Saha & Tremaine 1993; Gladman et al. 2001; Brunini et al. 2002), but it could have acquired some of its irregulars via collisional capture (Colombo & Franklin 1971), or chaos assisted capture from low-energy orbits…”
BackgroundThomas, P. C., & Prockter, L. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511691645.007 · Cited by 10
A survey for satellites of Venus
Sheppard, S. S., & Trujillo, C. A. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.008 · Cited by 10
Gomes-Júnior, A. R., Assafin, M., Braga-Ribas, F., Benedetti-Rossi, G., Morgado, B. E., Camargo, J. I. B., Vieira-Martins, R., Desmars, J., Sicardy, B., Barry, T., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3463 · Cited by 9
“Until the year 2000, it was the only known Saturnian irregular satellite (Gladman et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe Origin of the Natural Satellites
Peale, S. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452748-6.00167-x · Cited by 16
A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness
Sheppard, S. S., Jewitt, D. C., & Kleyna, J. (2004) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/424541 · Cited by 9
“Nachr., 92, 47 Heppenheimer, T. A., & Porco, C. 1977, Icarus, 30, 385 TABLE 2 Irregular Satellites of the Planets Planet Irr.a Groupsb rmin Limit c (km) Hill Radiusd (deg) Hill Areae (deg) Mars .............. 0 0 0.09 0.7 1.6 Jupiter............ 55 6 1 4.7 70 Saturn ............ 14 4–5 4 3.0 28 Uranus ...........”
InfluentialJupiter's Outer Satellites and Trojans
Jewitt, D. C., Sheppard, S. S., & Porco, C. C. (2004) · Cited by 8
The roughness of the dark side of Iapetus from the 2004 to 2005 flyby
Lee, J. S., Buratti, B. J., Hicks, M. D., & Mosher, J. A. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.008 · Cited by 8
Ephemerides of the Irregular Saturnian Satellites from Earth-based Astrometry and Cassini Imaging*
Jacobson, R. A., Brozović, M., Mastrodemos, N., Riedel, J. E., & Sheppard, S. S. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac98c7 · Cited by 7
“…sorted into three distinct groups: the Gallic and Inuit 4 Elements of a two-body orbit derived from a satellite’s instantaneous position and velocity, see Murray & Dermott (1999). groups for the direct orbits, and the Norse group for the retrograde orbits (Gladman et al. 2001; Denk et al. 2018).”
BackgroundBVR photometry of Hyperion near the time of the 2005 Cassini encounter
Hicks, M. D., Buratti, B. J., & Basilier, E. N. (2007) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.06.021 · Cited by 6
Estimates of the physical parameters of remote planetary satellites
Emel'Yanov, N. V., & Ural'Skaya, V. S. (2011) · Solar System Research · doi:10.1134/s0038094611050042 · Cited by 6
Satellite searches at Pluto and Mars
Nicholson, P., & Gladman, B. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.032 · Cited by 6
Irregular Satellites of Jupiter: a study of the capture direction
de Oliveira, D. S., Winter, O. C., Neto, E. V., & de Felipe, G. (2007) · Earth Moon and Planets · doi:10.1007/s11038-007-9141-y · Cited by 5
Hamilton, D. P. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/423235a · Cited by 5
Long-term self-modification of irregular satellite groups
Li, D., & Christou, A. A. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.004 · Cited by 5
Trimble, V., & Aschwanden, M. J. (2002) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/341673 · Cited by 5
Li, D., & Christou, A. A. (2017) · Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10569-017-9763-y · Cited by 4
“Though no apparent family is currently found around it (e.g. Gladman et al. 2001), we believe this parametric choice is appropriate to explore the dependence of the resonant dynamics on different parameters.”
BackgroundOrbital Modification of the Himalia Family during an Early Solar System Dynamical Instability
Li, D., & Christou, A. A. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8fc9 · Cited by 4
“This may be relevant to Phoebe, where the existence of its family remains an open question (Gladman et al. 2001; Ćuk et al. 2003; Turrini et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSaturn saturated with satellites
Hamilton, D. P. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084310 · Cited by 3
A Self-Gravitating Exoring Around J1407b and Implications for In-Situ Exomoon Formation
Sutton, P. J., Albery, B., & Muff, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.819933 · Cited by 2
““The stability of distant retrograde orbits is also demonstrated by many captured moons in the Solar System (Gladman et al., 2001; Nesvorný et al., 2014) and are beneficial for future space missions (Ming and Shijie 2009; Bezrouk and Parker 2017).”
BackgroundDiscovery of 128 New Saturnian Irregular Moons
Ashton, E., Gladman, B., Alexandersen, M., & Petit, J.-M. (2025) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/adbf87 · Cited by 2
Spectral Analyses of Saturn’s Moons Using theCassiniVisual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
Buratti, B. J., Brown, R. H., Clark, R. N., Cruikshank, D. P., & Filacchione, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316888872.023 · Cited by 2
Ashton, E., Gladman, B., Alexandersen, M., & Petit, J.-M. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae1d62 · Cited by 1
“As such, we define the Kari subgroup (named after the largest member) as the moons with 151.7 ◦ i 157 ◦ .”
InfluentialExtensions of Brown Hamiltonian–III. Applications to irregular satellites of giant planets
Lei, H., Leng, X., & Grishin, E. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag921 · Cited by 1
The Abundant Irregular Satellites of the Giant Planets
Sheppard, S. S., & Jewitt, D. C. (2005) · Highlights of Astronomy · doi:10.1017/s1539299600017469 · Cited by 1
Whitfield, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/news010712-12
“Observations suggest that 11 of the newcomers began life as three large moons, which were shattered by collision”
BackgroundIOT Overview: Wide-Field Imaging
Selman, F. J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76963-7_73
Understanding Irregular Satellites
Shevchenko, I. I. (2016) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43522-0_5
Metadata
- Authors
- Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J. J., Holman, M., Nicholson, P. D., Burns, J. A., Hergenrother, C. W., Petit, J.-M., Marsden, B. G., Jacobson, R., Gray, W., & Grav, T.
- Affiliations
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur (FR)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Gladman, Brett
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 412
- Issue
- 6843
- Pages
- 163-166
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1593313287
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Saturn, irregular satellites, orbital clustering, orbital inclination, satellite capture, collisional fragmentation, satellite formation flying, orbital dynamics, Uranus
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