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Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation

Canup, Robin M., Asphaug, Erik·2001·Nature

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Abstract

The Moon is generally believed to have formed from debris ejected by a large off-centre collision with the early Earth. The impact orientation and size are constrained by the angular momentum contained in both the Earth's spin and the Moon's orbit, a quantity that has been nearly conserved over the past 4.5 billion years. Simulations of potential moon-forming impacts now achieve resolutions sufficient to study the production of bound debris. However, identifying impacts capable of yielding the Earth-Moon system has proved difficult. Previous works found that forming the Moon with an appropriate impact angular momentum required the impact to occur when the Earth was only about half formed, a more restrictive and problematic model than that originally envisaged. Here we report a class of impacts that yield an iron-poor Moon, as well as the current masses and angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system. This class of impacts involves a smaller-and thus more likely-object than previously considered viable, and suggests that the Moon formed near the very end of Earth's accumulation.

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Authors: Canup, R. M., & Asphaug, E.
Affiliations: Southwest Research Institute (US)
University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
Corresponding author: Canup, Robin M.
ORCID: Canup, Robin M.
Asphaug, Erik
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-08
Volume: 412
Issue: 6848
Pages: 708-712
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/35089010
OpenAlex: W2043818941
Cited by: 1,094
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 13.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Johns Hopkins University
Southwest Research Institute
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
Keywords: Moon formation, giant impacts, Earth formation, Earth-Moon system, impact ejecta, Earth accretion, impactor size

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Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation

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