The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reward expectancy in primate prefrental neurons
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is important in the organization of goal-directed behaviour. When animals are trained to work for a particular goal or reward, reward 'expectancy' is processed by prefrontal neurons. Recent studies of the prefrontal cortex have concentrated on the role of working memory in the control of behaviour. In spatial delayed-response tasks, neurons in the prefrontal cortex show activity changes during the delay period between presentation of the cue and the reward, with some of the neurons being spatially specific (that is, responses vary with the cue position). Here I report that the delay activity in prefrontal neurons is dependent also on the particular reward received for the behavioural response, and to the way the reward is given. It seems that the prefrontal cortex may monitor the outcome of goal-directed behaviour.
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Items 401–500 of 683
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“Recent studies have shown that task-related activity observed in the DLPFC was affected by both the quality and quantity of the reward itself as well as by the expectation of reward delivery (Roesch & Olson, 2005a; Wallis & Miller, 2003; Kobayashi, Lauwereyns, Koizumi, Sakagami, & Hikosaka, 2002; Watanabe, Hikosaka, S…”
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“We reported previously that LPFC delay neurons showed both spatial WM-related and reward expectancyrelated activities during a delayed response task using several different types of reward ( Watanabe 1996 ).”
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“Prefrontal cortical regions also play a major role in the implementation of goal-directed action plans, as shown by enhanced activation of prefrontal cortical neurons in primates during anticipation of reward (for a review see Schultz et al., 2000; Watanabe, 1996).”
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“Similar to the experiments of Tremblay and Schultz (2000), we changed the relative reward value from non-preferred, although still salient, to preferred (see also Watanabe 1996), at the time of the reversal.”
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Uchida, Y., Lu, X., Ohmae, S., Takahashi, T., & Kitazawa, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2693-07.2007 · Cited by 28
“…reward process during voluntary movements, such as the basal ganglia (Hollerman and Schultz, 1998; Kawagoe et al., 1998; Schultz et al., 1998), prefrontal cortex (Watanabe, 1996; Leon and Shadlen, 1999), cingulate motor area (Shima and Tanji, 1998), and parietal cortex (Platt and Glimcher, 1999).”
BackgroundCognitive flexibility and decision‐making in a model of conditional visuomotor associations
Loh, M., & Deco, G. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04505.x · Cited by 26
“Like the striatum, the orbitofrontal cortex contains cells, which code reward information (Watanabe, 1996; Rolls, 2004) and might also be important for the processing of arbitrary visuomotor associations.”
BackgroundStress Degrades Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Coding of Goal-Directed Behavior
Devilbiss, D. M., Spencer, R. C., & Berridge, C. W. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw140 · Cited by 30
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“More recently, Watanabe (1996) reported data consistent with the notion that monkeys learning an operant conditioning task come to expect specific types of food rewards.”
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Orbitofrontal Cortex and Outcome Expectancies: Optimizing Behavior and Sensory Perception
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“In contrast, we here expected neural activations of the DLPFC, which has been related to cognitive control (e.g. Watanabe, 1996).”
BackgroundGoal-directed learning in cortical organoids
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First-Pass Processing of Value Cues in the Ventral Visual Pathway
Sasikumar, D., Emeric, E. E., Stuphorn, V., & Connor, C. E. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.051 · Cited by 25
Attraction is relative not absolute
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Self-citationProcessing of auditory and visual location information in the monkey prefrontal cortex
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“This type of activity may be related to temporal memory (Batuev et al. 1985), reward expectancy (Watanabe 1996), intention to move the hand or eyes, or to the regulation of ongoing performance of a spatial task; e.g. it may reflect the processes in the prefrontal cortex that help to maintain goal…”
BackgroundSocioaffective factors modulate working memory in schizophrenia patients
Park, S., Gibson, C., & McMichael, T. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.034 · Cited by 22
“…neurons involved in mediating DRT show enhanced activity during the delay when a preferred reward is anticipated than when it is not (Schall, 2001; Watanabe, 1996; Tremblay & Schultz, 1999, 2000) These findings suggest that reward or reinforcement should influence WM. Reward processing is…”
BackgroundNeural correlates of a default response in a delayed go/no-go task.
Kalenscher, T., Güntürkün, O., Calabrese, P., Gehlen, W., Kalt, T., & Diekamp, B. (2005) · Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2005.86-04 · Cited by 22
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“Accordingly, representations of reward expectation in frontal cortex were found in a number of previous studies 8,9,18,43,45 , and reward expectation modulated pre-frontal visual 46 and spatial memory signals 8 – 11, 18, 47, Interestingly, more neurons were selective for small reward expectancies…”
ResultTsutsui, K., Hosokawa, T., Yamada, M., & Iijima, T. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2063-15.2016 · Cited by 19
“…category coding from outcome or response contingency coding, which has been well known to be prevalent in the PFC (Watanabe, 1986; Quintana et al., 1988; Watanabe, 1990; Sakagami and Niki, 1994; Rolls et al., 1996; Watanabe, 1996; Asaad et al., 1998; Pasupathy and Miller, 2005; Pan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodEnhancing Prefrontal Neuron Activity Enables Associative Learning of Temporally Disparate Events
Volle, J., Yu, X., Sun, H., Tanninen, S. E., Insel, N., & Takehara‐Nishiuchi, K. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.021 · Cited by 20
Coordinated Prefrontal State Transition Leads Extinction of Reward-Seeking Behaviors
Russo, E., Ma, T., Spanagel, R., Durstewitz, D., Toutounji, H., & Köhr, G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2588-20.2021 · Cited by 22
Herold, C., Diekamp, B., & Güntürkün, O. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.017 · Cited by 23
“In the dorsolateral PFC, neuronal activity reflects both WM and reward expectancy [79,80].”
Hierarchical Organization of Frontoparietal Control Networks Underlying Goal-Directed Behavior
Dixon, M. L., Girn, M., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56508-6_7 · Cited by 21
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“These dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum and cerebral cortices, and the release of dopamine in the projection sites induces synaptic plasticity that corresponds to the revision of reward prediction [6, 15–17] (see Figure 1, red arrows).”
BackgroundCounteracting effect of threat on reward enhancements during working memory
Choi, J. M., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.993596 · Cited by 20
“Electrophysiology studies in non-human primates have shown that neural firing rates sustained during the delay period of a working memory task was modulated by reward (Leon & Shadlen, 1999; Watanabe, 1996).”
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“Consequently, higher sustained neuron activity during the delay period between stimuli could be due to mnemonic activity or to expectancy of actions, stimuli or reward (Quintana & Fuster, 1992; Watanabe, 1996; Asaad et al., 1998; Romo et al., 1999; Rainer et al., 1999; Fuster, 2001).”
BackgroundMaintenance in working memory or response selection?
Lissek, S., & Güntürkün, O. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.01.007 · Cited by 25
“The NCL is an avian brain area considered functionally equivalent to PFC in mammals based on behavioral [13,18,19,22,23,26,41,42] , electrophysiological[29,58] and neuroanatomical [32,35,39]data.”
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Dissociable functions of reward inference in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the striatum
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“(Watanabe, 1996; Hollerman et al., 1998; O’Doherty et al., 2003; Roesch and Olson, 2003; Samejima et al., 2005; Hare et al., 2008; Hikosaka and Isoda, 2010; Diekhof et al., 2012).”
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Yoshida, W., & Ishii, S. (2004) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.04.012 · Cited by 20
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“(Watanabe 1996) and the basal ganglia e.”
How bad do you want it? Reward modulation in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale.
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“In addition, the dorsolateral PFC processes reward expectancy in monkeys (Shidara & Richmond, 2002; Watanabe, 1996) and humans (Rowe et al.”
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Object individuation using property/kind information in rhesus macaques
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“Also, data for cell recording in monkeys confirmed that neuronal activity in cells in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are modulated by reward value of the stimuli (Watanabe, 1996).”
Cognitive-motivational interactions: Beyond boxes-and-arrows models of the mind-brain.
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“In the monkey, sustained responses during the delay period of a working memory task had been shown to increase in trials involving potential reward (Watanabe, 1996).”
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“Similar to the dACC, the dlPFC also encodes reward expectation (Kobayashi et al., 2006; Wallis and Miller, 2003; Watanabe, 1996) and prediction error (Glascher et al., 2010).”
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“... (e.g., the ability to represent the hedonic value of four drops of a sweet liquid versus eight drops), executive (e.g., enacting a plan to obtain a reward), and working memory functions subserved by activity in the frontal cortex—particularly the lateral prefrontal cortex—contribute to pleasure capacity (Hikosaka…”
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“Compatible with the fixation-induced activation of V4ta and TEO is the report that 41% of TEO and 34% of V4 neurons were activated during a spot-fixation task (Watanabe, 1996).”
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“Primary and secondary reward preferences, reward anticipation and reward receipt have been correlated to single-unit and fMRI activity in the OFC (Critchley and Rolls, 1996; Watanabe, 1996; Gottfried et al., 2003; Small et al., 2003; Kennerley and Wallis, 2009).”
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“Activity in DLPFC has been implicated in attention (Everling et al., 2002; Squire et al., 2013; Suzuki and Gottlieb, 2013) and the presently observed risk signals may contribute to DLPFC’s object and spatial attentional functions (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Watanabe, 1996).”
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“Indeed, seminal work in non-human primates has shown that dopaminergic midbrain neurons [2,3], as well as neurons in the prefrontal cortex [4], basal ganglia [5] and parietal cortex [6] respond to cues that predict a reward as early as ,100 ms after stimulus onset.”
BackgroundDynamic shifts of visual and saccadic signals in prefrontal cortical regions 8Ar and FEF
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BackgroundChapter 15 The gating functions of the basal ganglia in movement control
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Neural generators of sustained activity differ for stimulus‐encoding and delay maintenance
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“Journal Compilation ª Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd measured slow-shift ERPs in a visual delay-maintenance paradigm to test our hypothesis.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeuromarketing : lorsque neurosciences et marketing se rejoignent
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“The PFC is implicated in many regulatory processes, including cognitive functions, attention, drive and motivation, decision making and working memory [1-3].”
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BackgroundMultiple systems in macaques for tracking prediction errors and other types of surprise
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Macaque monkeys exhibit behavioral signs of metamemory in an oculomotor working memory task
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Reward Neurophysiology and Primate Cerebral Cortex
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“, 2012) and is activated when judging the value of products (Watanabe, 1996; Wallis and Miller, 2003).”
BackgroundNeurophysiological Studies of Learning and Memory in Pigeons
Colombo, M., & Scarf, D. (2012) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2012.70002 · Cited by 14
“Indeed the NCL and PFC are areas that are important for both memory (Miller & Cohen, 2001; Güntürkün, 2005b) as well as processing information related to reward (Watanabe, 1996; Güntürkün, 2005b).”
BackgroundAssociations between sounds and actions in primate prefrontal cortex
Huang, Y., & Brosch, M. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146775 · Cited by 11
“Neuronal activity related to reward expectation in PFC has been shown in previous studies (Leon and Shadlen, 1999; Watanabe, 1996).”
ResultLadouceur, C. D., Schlund, M. W., & Segreti, A. M. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.019 · Cited by 11
Habit formation viewed as structural change in the behavioral network
Yamada, K., & Toda, K. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04500-2 · Cited by 10
“However, 418 even after extensive training, many brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate 419 cortex, ventral striatum, and DMS are modulated by anticipated rewards (Niki and Watanabe, 420 1979; Schultz et al., 1992; Shidara and Richmond, 2002; Watanabe, 1996; Yin et al, 2004; Yin 421 et al., 2005…”
BackgroundAmemori, K., Amemori, S., Gibson, D. J., & Graybiel, A. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00089 · Cited by 11
“However, the neural responses of valence (Figures 6C,D) exhibited parametric modulation representing the expected value of the outcome (Watanabe, 1996) rather than the discrete visual target identities.”
BackgroundThe prefrontal cortex and hybrid learning during iterative competitive games
Abe, H., Seo, H., & Lee, D. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06223.x · Cited by 11
Neural correlates of directed forgetting in the avian prefrontal cortex.
Milmine, M., Watanabe, A., & Colombo, M. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.1.199 · Cited by 10
“There is some evidence that the magnitude of neural activity is a function of either the expectancy of a reward (Shidara & Richmond, 2002; Watanabe, 1992) or the magnitude or preference of a reward (Leon & Shadlen, 1999; Watanabe, 1996).”
BackgroundFlexible control of representational dynamics in a disinhibition-based model of decision-making
Shen, B., Louie, K., & Glimcher, P. W. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.82426 · Cited by 9
“82426 19 of 40 for example, about reward characteristics (Dorris and Glimcher, 2004; Louie et al., 2011; Platt and Glimcher, 1999; Sugrue et al., 2004; Watanabe, 1996) or accumulating perceptual evidence (Kiani et al.”
BackgroundGoal-oriented, flexible use of numerical operations by monkeys
Okuyama, S., Iwata, J.-I., Tanji, J., & Mushiake, H. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0592-9 · Cited by 9
Doop, M. L., Möhr, C., Folley, B. S., Brewer, W. J., & Park, S. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543623.006 · Cited by 10
Schaefer, M., Rumpel, F., Sadrieh, A., Reimann, M., & Denke, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00144 · Cited by 10
“Thus, the consumer here is a rational and intelligent individual, looking extensively for information and performing a comprehensive evaluation of the choice alternatives.”
BackgroundThe Basal Ganglia and the Encoding of Value
Doya, K., & Kimura, M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374176-9.00026-9 · Cited by 11
Cognition, behavior and the frontal lobes
Dubois, B., & Lévy, R. (2004) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161020400081x · Cited by 10
“adapting the cognitive plan to the rewarding value of the ongoing behavior (Watanabe, 1996; Leon and Shadlen, 1999).”
BackgroundEvent- and time-dependent decline of outcome information in the primate prefrontal cortex
Marcos, E., Tsujimoto, S., & Genovesio, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25622 · Cited by 11
Memory and the septo-hippocampal system
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0008 · Cited by 10
Activity patterns in mesolimbic regions in rats during operant tasks for reward
Woodward, D. J., Chang, J., Janak, P. H., Azarov, A., & Anstrom, K. K. (2000) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26021-4 · Cited by 10
The rational use of drugs as therapeutic agents for the treatment of the alcoholisms
Wilcox, R. E., & McMillen, B. A. (1998) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00051-7 · Cited by 10
Combined expectancy effects: An accumulator model☆
Mattler, U. (2005) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.05.002 · Cited by 10
Egalitarian reward contingency in competitive games and primate prefrontal neuronal activity
Hosokawa, T., & Watanabe, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00165 · Cited by 9
“LPFC neurons are known to show differential activity depending on whether or not a monkey expects and/or obtains a more preferable reward (Watanabe, 1996; Leon and Shadlen, 1999; Hikosaka and Watanabe, 2000; Amemori and Sawaguchi, 2006a; Ichihara-Takeda and Funahashi, 2008; Kim et al., 2008), and…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSubthreshold basis for reward-predictive persistent activity in mouse prefrontal cortex
Kim, E., Bari, B. A., & Cohen, J. Y. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109082 · Cited by 9
“, 2001), and anticipation of future reward (Watanabe, 1996; Leon and Shadlen, 1999; Shuler andBear, 2006).”
BackgroundUse of Frontal Lobe Hemodynamics as Reinforcement Signals to an Adaptive Controller
DiStasio, M., & Francis, J. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069541 · Cited by 9
“Neurons encoding various aspects of reward are apparent in DLPFC [5–31].”
BackgroundModeling the instinctive-emotional-thoughtful mind
Levine, D. S. (2017) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.05.002 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, Watanabe (1996) found DLPFC neurons that react more strongly to a preferred than a less preferred food reward, and Leon and Shadlen (1999) found neurons in the same region that are sensitive to the magnitude of reward.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Watanabe, M.
- Corresponding author
- Watanabe, Masataka
- ORCID
- Watanabe, Masataka
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1996-08
- Volume
- 382
- Issue
- 6592
- Pages
- 629-632
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2025931876
- Cited by
- 684
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 11.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- reward expectancy, prefrontal cortex, delay activity, working memory, goal-directed behavior, reward outcome, delayed response task, primate neurophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Food Preferences, Macaca, Neurons, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex
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