Blindsight in normal subjects?
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Kolb and Braun finding has proven difficult to replicate.
“Although this finding has proven difficult to replicate (Morgan and Mason, 1997)”
From How to measure metacognition (2014) · cites this paper as Morgan and Mason, 1997
Cites
Blindsight in normal observers
Kolb, F. C., & Braun, J. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377336a0 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fleming, S. M., & Lau, H. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
“Although this finding has proven difficult to replicate (Morgan and Mason, 1997), here we focus on the conceptual basis of their argument.”
BackgroundCompulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision
Parkes, L., Lund, J. S., Angelucci, A., Solomon, J., & Morgan, M. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89532 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural basis of metacognitive ability
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0417 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
“Despite being dissociable, it turns out that metacognitive accuracy generally scales with task performance [33, 77–80].”
BackgroundRelative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlate of visual consciousness
Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607716103 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Introspection and subliminal perception
Ramsøy, T., & Overgaard, M. (2004) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1023/b:phen.0000041900.30172.e8 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Li Zhaoping, A. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.5.1 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Spatial attention increases performance but not subjective confidence in a discrimination task
Wilimzig, C., Tsuchiya, N., Fahle, M., Einhäuser, W., & Koch, C. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.5.7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“Such subjective confidence measures vary in a predictable manner with the performance of human (Kolb & Braun, 1995; Morgan, Mason, & Solomon, 1997 ) and non-human subjects (Shields, Smith, Guttmannova, & Washburn, 2005; Smith et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMaximum likelihood methods for detecting adaptive evolution after gene duplication
Bielawski, J. P., & Yang, Z. (2003) · Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics · doi:10.1023/a:1022642807731 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mamassian, P. (2016) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114630 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Another source of concern is the idiosyncratic way participants may use the rating scale (Morgan et al. 1997).”
BackgroundThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition
Fleming, S., & Frith, C. (2014) · Springer Berlin Heidelberg · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Peters, M. A. K., & Lau, H. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.09651 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, some of these efforts were not replicable (Morgan et al., 1997; Robichaud and Stelmach, 2003).”
BackgroundEvaluation of Objective Uncertainty in the Visual System
Barthelmé, S., & Mamassian, P. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000504 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“It is a potentially important methodology in the study of discrepancies between visual performance and confidence, a topic many believe to be connected to the wider issue of awareness [18,19], but potentially also in investigations of metacognition in non-human species [20,21].”
BackgroundHesselmann, G., Hebart, M. N., & Malach, R. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1556-11.2011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“…of tachistoscopically presented unseen visual stimuli above chance level; Kolb and Braun (1995) have used a binocular rivalry and motion paradigm under situations in which subjects’ confidence levels were completely dissociated from their objective performance (but see Morgan et al., 1997).”
BackgroundDoes unconscious perception really exist? Continuing the ASSC20 debate
Peters, M., Kentridge, R. W., Phillips, I., & Block, N. (2017) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/nix015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…this problem, and until now paradigms developed to avoid the problem (Kolb and Braun 1995; Kunimoto et al. 2001) have met with replicability issues (Morgan et al. 1997; Robichaud and Stelmach 2003) or revealed other theoretical challenges (Galvin et al. 2003; Evans and Azzopardi 2007; Maniscalco…”
BackgroundSamaha, J., Barrett, J. J., Sheldon, A. D., LaRocque, J. J., & Postle, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00851 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Visual Clutter Causes High-Magnitude Errors
Baldassi, S., Megna, N., & Burr, D. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040056 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In general, the confidence with which they guess correlates well with stimulus strength as well as with actual performance [1,2].”
BackgroundResultBlindsight and visual awareness.
Azzopardi, P., & Cowey, A. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0358 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Dopaminergic stimulation enhances confidence and accuracy in seeing rapidly presented words
LOU, H. C., Skewes, J., Thomsen, K. R., Overgaard, M. S., Lau, H. C., Mouridsen, K., & Roepstorff, A. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.2.15 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Betting the house on consciousness
Koch, C., & Preuschoff, K. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0207-140 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Getting technical about awareness.
Clifford, C., Arabzadeh, E., & Harris, J. A. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Who’s afraid of response bias?
Peters, M., Ro, T., & Lau, H.-K. C. (2016) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niw001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, some of these efforts have turned out to be not replicable (Morgan et al., 1997; Robichaud and Stelmach, 2003); others revealed the mathematical complexity of estimating the correspondence between confidence and accuracy (Galvin et al., 2003; Evans and Azzopardi, 2007; Maniscalco and…”
BackgroundConscious Vision for Action Versus Unconscious Vision for Action?
Brogaard, B. (2011) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01171.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“On Alva Noe¨’s (2004) enactive theory of perception, perceptual experience is the exercise of sensorimotor know-how.”
BackgroundConfidence Forced-Choice and Other Metaperceptual Tasks*
Mamassian, P. (2020) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006620928010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“First, there is typically a large intersubject variability that, at least in part, is due to idiosyncratic uses of the confidence (Kolb & Braun, 1995; Morgan et al., 1997).”
BackgroundVisible binocular beats from invisible monocular stimuli during binocular rivalry
Carlson, T. A., & He, S. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00672-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dissociating Detection from Localization of Tactile Stimuli
Harris, J. A., Thein, T., & Clifford, C. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0134-04.2004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“There has been one report of blindsight among normal observers that was not subject to this confound (Kolb and Braun, 1995); however, this particular study has met with controversy on other grounds (Morgan et al., 1997; Robichaud and Stelmach, 2003).”
ResultDisorders of higher visual processing
Barton, J. J. S. (2011) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52903-9.00015-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“DISORDERS OF HIGHER VISUAL PROCESSING 237”
Brain-Stimulation Induced Blindsight: Unconscious Vision or Response Bias?
Lloyd, D. A., Abrahamyan, A., & Harris, J. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082828 · Cited by 37
Awareness and confidence ratings in motion perception without geniculo-striate projection.
Sahraie, A., Weiskrantz, L., & Barbur, J. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00194-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Learning to reach for ‘invisible’ visual input
Roseboom, W., & Arnold, D. H. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.036 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ordovician Life on Land and Early Paleozoic Global Change
Retallack, G. (2000) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600000693 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Introspection confidence predicts EEG decoding of self‐generated thoughts and meta‐awareness
Polychroni, N., Ruiz, M. H., & Terhune, D. B. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25789 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Confidence in perceptual judgements (Fleming & Lau, 2014) positively correlates with decision accuracy (Gherman & Philiastides, 2018; Kunimoto et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 1997), and reliably tracks ERP dynamics related to error (Boldt & Yeung, 2015) and sensory processing (e.”
BackgroundStimulation in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Changes Subjective Evaluation of Percepts
Chiang, T.-C., Lu, R., Hsieh, S., Chang, Y.-H., & Yang, Y. K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106943 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The blindsight phenomenon in normal subjects is still a controversial issue [28,29].”
BackgroundOdd-men-out are poorly localized in brief exposures.
Solomon, J., & Morgan, M. (2001) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/1.1.2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage, gesture, and judgment: Children’s paths to abstract geometry
Calero, C. I., Shalóm, D. E., Spelke, E. S., & Sigman, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Inducing blindsight in normal observers
Robichaud, L., & Stelmach, L. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196486 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, given our results and those of Morgan et al. (1997) , it is clear that the rivalrous dichoptic display is not a reliable method of inducing blindsight in normal observers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUnderconfidence in peripheral vision
Toscani, M., Mamassian, P., & Valsecchi, M. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.6.2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Continuous flash suppression and monocular pattern masking impact subjective awareness similarly
Knotts, J., Lau, H.-K. C., & Peters, M. (2018) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1578-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bahrami, B., Didino, D., Frith, C., Butterworth, B. L., & Rees, G. E. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0029717 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Klever, L., Mamassian, P., & Billino, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09939-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Normal observers show no evidence for blindsight in facial emotion perception
Rajananda, S., Zhu, J., & Peters, M. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1093/nc/niaa023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Further, past attempts to remedy response bias concerns (Kolb & Braun, 1995; Kunimoto, Miller, & Pashler, 2001) have met with their own conceptual or replicability challenges (Evans & Azzopardi, 2007; Galvin, Podd, Drga, & Whitmore, 2003; Morgan, Mason, & Solomon, 1997; Robichaud & Stelmach, 2003) .”
Koivisto, M., & Neuvonen, S. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102929 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Saccade Adaptation and Visual Uncertainty
Souto, D., Gegenfurtner, K., & Schütz, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00227 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Observers may be uncertain about having seen a step on any given trial and nonetheless detect changes above chance (Morgan et al., 1997).”
BackgroundA Dissociation of Performance and Awareness During Binocular Rivalry
Baker, D., & Cass, J. (2013) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613496824 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Georgeson, M. (1997) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p260001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sensitivity to visual features in inattentional blindnessPreprint
Nartker, M. S., Firestone, C., Egeth, H. E., & Phillips, I. B. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100337 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, our findings suggest that inattentional amnesia cannot be the whole story, since they reveal that some features of unexpected objects are available for later explicit report even in subjects who deny noticing anything unusual.”
Unconscious Touch Perception After Disruption of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Ro, T., & Koenig, L. (2021) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620970551 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“4b), similar to results demonstrating blindsight in normal observers (Kolb & Braun, 1995; but see Morgan et al., 1997; Robichaud & Stelmach, 2003).”
ResultMonocular texture segmentation and proto-rivalry.
Solomon, J., John, A., & Morgan, M. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDelayed Perceptual Awareness in Rapid Perceptual Decisions
Grgič, R. G., Balderi, M., & de’Sperati, C. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017079 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Thirdly, we took caution to anchor the scale to the minimum and maximum absolute values [21], namely, null visibility and full visibility, and ensured that participants understood that the scale should represent a linear quantity.”
BackgroundMethodMeasuring the perception and metacognition of time
Cropper, S., Little, D. R., Xu, L.-H., Bruno, A., & Johnston, A. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1167/jov.24.3.5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…of using a Likert scale to rate the degree of confidence in a given judgement is fraught with error (Caziot & Mamassian, 2021; Mamassian, 2016; Morgan, Mason, & Solomon, 1997) and significant efforts have been made to find a more effective way of measuring subjective confidence (Fleming &…”
BackgroundVisual perception: myths and mechanisms.
Linden, D. (1998) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01271-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Conscious awareness modulates processing speed in the redundant signal effect
Cederblad, A. M. H., Visokomogilski, A., Andersen, S. K., MacLeod, M., & Sahraie, A. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-020-06008-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Visual–auditory interactions on explicit and implicit information processing
Lo, L. Y., & Lai, C. C. (2022) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-022-01077-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“On the other hand, there is never a shortage of challenges and criticisms (e.g., Alexander and Cowey 2010; Morgan et al. 1997; Shanks 2016).”
BackgroundLate ERP correlates of confidence for auditory categorization of complex sounds
Zakrzewski, A. C., Maniscalco, B., & Wisniewski, M. G. (2023) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
More than meets the eye: Implicit perception in legally blind individuals
Brown, A. S., Best, M. R., & Mitchell, D. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Methodological considerations in studying awareness during learning: Part 1: Implicit learning
Nakamura, D. (2013) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2013-0011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Localisation of unseen visual stimuli: Blindsight in normal observers?
Schärli, H., Brugger, P., Regard, M., Mohr, C., & Landis, T. (2003) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.62.3.159 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Life Explained by Heat Engines
Muller, A. W. J. (2012) · Cellular origin and life in extreme habitats · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2941-4_19 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Goebel, R., Muckli, L., & Singer, W. (1999) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110803488.165 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monocular and binocular mechanisms detect modulations of dot density and dot contrast.
Zeljic, K., Morgan, M. J., & Solomon, J. (2023) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2023.108347 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The first is a series of demonstrations (Kolb & Braun, 1995; Morgan, Mason, & Solomon, 1997; Solomon & Morgan, 1999; Solomon, John, & Morgan, 2006) that the modulation of textural properties (local orientation, in particular) can remain visible in brief, “ inverse-cyclo-pean ” displays.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorgan, M., & Solomon, J. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/478941 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMorgan, M. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01899-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention and awareness : visual psychophysics and aversive conditioning in humans
Tsuchiya, N. (2006) · doi:10.7907/jvp9-ta28 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Physicians’ metacognition in medical decision-making
Lakhlifi, C., Kouzy, R., Lejeune, F., Beuzon, N., Mawet, J., Roos, C., Khamassi, M., Rohaut, B., & Rouault, M. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag064
“Since accuracy and confidence are related ( Morgan et al. 1997, Kruger and Dunning 1999, Kunimoto et al. 2001, Kao et al. 2005, Modirrousta and Fellows 2008, Fleming and Dolan 2012, Jansen et al. 2021), we must be cautious in extending our conclusions to different types of medical decisions,…”
Seeing in crowds: Averaging first, then max
Lu, X., Jiang, R., Song, M., Wu, Y.-T., Ge, Y., & Chen, N. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02468-6
“While it is traditionally held that confidence follows perceptual judgments (Morgan et al., 1997), many recent studies indicate that confidence ratings can be dissociated from one’s perceptual decisions (Bang & Fleming, 2018; Rollwage et al., 2018).”
Klever, L., Mamassian, P., & Billino, J. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.451419
“Ratings could be confounded with individual biases how to anchor judgements so that evaluation of metacognition is complicated (see Mamassian, 2016; Morgan et al., 1997).”
BackgroundUnconsciously Guided Behavior With a Bias-Free Measurement of ConsciousnessPreprint
Koivisto, M., & Kangassalo, V. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-428626/v1
Reflections on Eriksen’s seminal essay on discrimination, performance and learning without awareness
Blake, R. (2020) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02098-9
Morgan, M. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/15971
Self-citation
- Authors
- Morgan, M. J., Mason, A. J. S., & Solomon, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 385
- Issue
- 6615
- Pages
- 401-402
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2053495330
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Spatial Neglect and Hemispheric Dysfunction
- Keywords
- blindsight, normal subjects, visual perception, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Time Factors, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Contrast Sensitivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
