Blindsight in normal observers
Abstract
Some patients with lesions in visual cortex lack conscious visual experience but, when tested, exhibit a significant ability, termed 'blindsight', to discriminate visual stimuli. Here we report two different visual displays that induce blindsight in normal observers. Using an objective measure, we show that conscious experience remains defective at presentation times much longer (1 s) than the onset of visual sensitivity (approximately 60 ms). To obtain this effect, we generate a contrast between visual textures and then conceal the contrast by superimposing 'complementary' textures. Complementarity can involve either opposite motion or binocular rivalry and orthogonal orientation. In both cases, observers locate the texture contrast reliably but do not, by either subjective or objective measures, consciously experience it. Taken together with present knowledge of the visual cortical site(s) at which opposite motion and rivalrous orientation interact, this observation bears upon the functional anatomy of conscious visual experience.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Kolb and Braun (1995) created stimuli in which subjects had positive type 1 d′ in a localization task but near-zero metacognitive sensitivity.
“Kolb and Braun (1995) used binocular presentation and motion patterns to create stimuli in which subjects had positive type 1 d′ (in a localization task), but near-zero metacognitive sensitivity.”
From How to measure metacognition (2014) · cites this paper as Kolb and Braun (1995)
Cites
VISUAL CAPACITY IN THE HEMIANOPIC FIELD FOLLOWING A RESTRICTED OCCIPITAL ABLATION
WEISKRANTZ, L., WARRINGTON, E. K., SANDERS, M. D., & MARSHALL, J. (1974) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/97.1.709 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition
Marcel, A. J. (1983) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90009-9 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Neuronal responses to static texture patterns in area V1 of the alert macaque monkey
Knierim, J. J., & Essen, D. C. V. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.4.961 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Preattentive texture discrimination with early vision mechanisms
Malik, J., & Perona, P. (1990) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.7.000923 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex?
Crick, F., & Koch, C. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/375121a0 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Residual Visual Function after Brain Wounds involving the Central Visual Pathways in Man
Pöppel, E., Held, R. M., & Frost, D. O. (1973) · Nature · doi:10.1038/243295a0 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Neuronal Correlates of Subjective Visual Perception
Logothetis, N. K., & Schall, J. D. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2772635 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Malach, R., Amir, Y., Harel, M., & Grinvald, A. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10469 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed.
Greenwald, A. G. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.6.766 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. II. Physiology
Qian, N., & Andersen, R. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07367.1994 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Weiskrantz, L., Barbur, J. L., & Sahraie, A. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.13.6122 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness.
Adams, J. K. (1957) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0043350 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. I. Psychophysics
Ning Qian, A., Andersen, R. A., & Adelson, E. H. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07357.1994 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Perception without awareness: Critical issues.
Merikle, P. M. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.47.6.792 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Rubenstein, B. S., & Sagi, D. (1990) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.7.001632 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Sidis, B. (1898) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8.188.162 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Implicit knowledge: new perspectives on unconscious processes.
Schacter, D. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11113 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Unconscious perception of “extinguished” visual stimuli: Reassessing the evidence
Farah, M. J., Monheit, M. A., & Wallace, M. A. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90059-h · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sidis, B. (1898) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-189810000-00016 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Localization of unseen visual stimuli by humans with normal vision
Meeres, S. L., & Graves, R. E. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90039-q · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Graves, R. E., & Jones, B. S. (1992) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643299208252069 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Chapter 36 Blindsight: neurons and behaviour
Stoerig, P., & Cowey, A. (1993) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60387-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tononi, G. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5395.1846 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Fleming, S. M., & Lau, H. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
“For instance, Kolb and Braun (1995) used binocular presentation and motion patterns to create stimuli in which subjects had positive type 1 d′ (in a localization task), but near-zero metacognitive sensitivity.”
The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition
Kanai, R., & Rees, G. (2011) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3000 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness
He, S., Cavanagh, P., & Intriligator, J. M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383334a0 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Contextual modulation in primary visual cortex
Zipser, K., Lamme, V. A. F., & Schiller, P. H. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-22-07376.1996 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision
Parkes, L., Lund, J. S., Angelucci, A., Solomon, J., & Morgan, M. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89532 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Maniscalco, B., & Lau, H. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.021 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Consciousness and neuroscience
Crick, F. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.2.97 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlate of visual consciousness
Lau, H. C., & Passingham, R. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607716103 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Introspection and subliminal perception
Ramsøy, T., & Overgaard, M. (2004) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1023/b:phen.0000041900.30172.e8 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Measuring consciousness: relating behavioural and neurophysiological approaches
Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z., Cleeremans, A., Overgaard, M., & Pessoa, L. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.008 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
“In this case, there should be a relationship between confidence and accuracy, indicating conscious knowledge with no relationship indicating unconscious knowledge by the ‘zero-correlation criterion’ [32, 33 ].”
Galvin, S. J., Podd, J. V., Drga, V., & Whitmore, J. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196546 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Rounis, E., Maniscalco, B., Rothwell, J. C., Passingham, R. E., & Lau, H. (2010) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588921003632529 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
When the brain changes its mind: Interocular grouping during binocular rivalry
Kovács, I., Papathomas, T. V., Ming, Y., & Feher, A. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.26.15508 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Overgaard, M. S., Rote, J. A., Mouridsen, K., & Ramsøy, T. Z. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.04.002 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Figure-ground activity in primary visual cortex is suppressed by anesthesia
Lamme, V. A. F., Zipser, K., & Spekreijse, H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3263 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Three-systems theory of human visual motion perception: review and update
Lu, Z., & Sperling, G. (2001) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.18.002331 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Confidence and accuracy of near-threshold discrimination responses
Kunimoto, C., Miller, J., & Pashler, H. (2001) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0494 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The relationship between cortical activation and perception investigated with invisible stimuli
Moutoussis, K., & Zeki, S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.142305699 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Responses of pulvinar neurons reflect a subject's confidence in visual categorization
Komura, Y., Nikkuni, A., Hirashima, N., Uetake, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3393 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Psychoanatomical substrates of Balint's syndrome
Rizzo, M. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.2.162 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Li Zhaoping, A. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.5.1 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Weiskrantz, L. (1996) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80075-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Eger, E., Jedynak, A., Iwaki, T., & Skrandies, W. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00287-7 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Fernandez‐Duque, D., & Thornton, I. M. (2000) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062800394838 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Peters, M. A. K., & Lau, H. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.09651 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The role of primary visual cortex (V1) in visual awareness
Lamme, V. A. F., Supèr, H., Landman, R., Roelfsema, P. R., & Spekreijse, H. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00243-6 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Is blindsight like normal, near-threshold vision?
Azzopardi, P., & Cowey, A. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.14190 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
On the use of continuous flash suppression for the study of visual processing outside of awareness
Yang, E., Brascamp, J. W., Kang, M.-S., & Blake, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00724 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A morphologically specialized soldier caste improves colony defense in a neotropical eusocial bee
Grüter, C., Menezes, C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1113398109 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Dienes, Z. P., & Seth, A. K. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.009 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Measures of metacognition on signal-detection theoretic models
Barrett, A. B., Dienes, Z., & Seth, A. K. (2013) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0033268 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Visual Selective Behavior Can Be Triggered by a Feed-Forward Process
VanRullen, R., & Koch, C. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321208141 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Does unconscious perception really exist? Continuing the ASSC20 debate
Peters, M., Kentridge, R. W., Phillips, I., & Block, N. (2017) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/nix015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mamassian, P. (2016) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114630 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Visual Motion Perception in Primates
Andersen, R. A. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80326-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Ryota Kanai, C., Walsh, V., & Tseng, C. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.003 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Komisaruk, B. R., Gerdes, C. A., & Whipple, B. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550240063014 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Visual perception: rivalry and consciousness
Crick, F. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379485a0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Samaha, J., Barrett, J. J., Sheldon, A. D., LaRocque, J. J., & Postle, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00851 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hesselmann, G., Hebart, M. N., & Malach, R. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1556-11.2011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Unconscious processing under interocular suppression: getting the right measure
Stein, T., & Sterzer, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00387 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fear perception: Can objective and subjective awareness measures be dissociated?
Szczepanowski, R., & Pessoa, L. (2007) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/7.4.10 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Assumptions of subjective measures of unconscious mental states: higher order thoughts and bias
Dienes, Z. P. (2004) · Figshare · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Can musical transformations be implicitly learned?
Dienes, Z. P., & Longuet‐Higgins, C. (2004) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2804_2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Who’s afraid of response bias?
Peters, M., Ro, T., & Lau, H.-K. C. (2016) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niw001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Blindsight and visual awareness.
Azzopardi, P., & Cowey, A. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0358 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Dopaminergic stimulation enhances confidence and accuracy in seeing rapidly presented words
LOU, H. C., Skewes, J., Thomsen, K. R., Overgaard, M. S., Lau, H. C., Mouridsen, K., & Roepstorff, A. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.2.15 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
LOVE AS SENSORY STIMULATION: PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ITS DEPRIVATION AND EXPRESSION
Komisaruk, B. R., & Whipple, B. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00062-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Spatial attention increases performance but not subjective confidence in a discrimination task
Wilimzig, C., Tsuchiya, N., Fahle, M., Einhäuser, W., & Koch, C. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.5.7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Towards the neuronal correlate of visual awareness
Christof Koch, A., & Braun, J. (1996) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80068-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationBlindsight in normal subjects?
Morgan, M. J., Mason, A. J. S., & Solomon, J. A. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/385401b0 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Betting the house on consciousness
Koch, C., & Preuschoff, K. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0207-140 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Getting technical about awareness.
Clifford, C., Arabzadeh, E., & Harris, J. A. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Confidence Forced-Choice and Other Metaperceptual Tasks*
Mamassian, P. (2020) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006620928010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
An implicit measure of undetected change
Thornton, I. M., & Fernandez‐Duque, D. (2001) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856801741341 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Conscious and Unconscious Perception
Kouider, S., & Faivre, N. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119132363.ch39 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Conscious Vision for Action Versus Unconscious Vision for Action?
Brogaard, B. (2011) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01171.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Habit, Intention, and Drug Use as Interactive Predictors of Condom Use Among Drug Abusers
Stacy, A. W., Stein, J. A., & Longshore, D. L. (1999) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1025408611916 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Priming of awareness or how not to measure visual awareness
Lin, Z., & Murray, S. O. (2014) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/14.1.27 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Clark, A., Kiverstein, J. D., & Clark, A. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746996.001.0001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Islands of Residual Vision in Hemianopic Patients
Wessinger, C. M., Fendrich, R., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.203 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Meuwese, J. D. I., van Loon, A. M., Lamme, V. A. F., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2014) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-014-0643-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Modulations of primary visual cortex activity representing attentive and conscious scene perception
Victor, A. F. L. (2000) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/lamme · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Conscious and unconscious perception: A computational theory
Mathis, D. W., & Mozer, M. C. (1996) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Disorders of higher visual processing
Barton, J. J. S. (2011) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52903-9.00015-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Braddick, O. (1997) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p260995 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neural networks for consciousness
Taylor, J. G. (1997) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00064-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Consciousness and Top-Down Attention
Tsuchiya, N., & Christof Koch, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800948-2.00005-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Visible binocular beats from invisible monocular stimuli during binocular rivalry
Carlson, T. A., & He, S. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00672-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Action-blindsight in healthy subjects after transcranial magnetic stimulation
Christensen, M. S., Kristiansen, L., Rowe, J. B., & Nielsen, J. B. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705858105 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Emotional priming depends on the degree of conscious experience
Lohse, M., & Overgaard, M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.028 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neuromagnetic Correlates of Perceived Contrast in Primary Visual Cortex
Haynes, J., Roth, G., Stadler, M., & Heinze, H. –. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00820.2002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chapter 22 Speculations on the neural basis of islands of blindsight
Fendrich, R., Wessinger, C. M., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2001) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(01)34023-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Integration of Multiple Motion Vectors Over Space: An fMRI Study of Transparent Motion Perception
Muckli, L. F. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1085 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Overgaard, M. S., Nielsen, J. F., & Fuglsang‐Frederiksen, A. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00260-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dresp, B. (2011) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2010001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
8. Assumptions of a subjective measure of consciousness
Dienes, Z. P., & Perner, J. (2004) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.56.10die · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Blindsight in Subjects with Homonymous Visual Field Defects
Schärli, H., Harman, A. M., & Hogben, J. H. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563247 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sinanaj, I., Cojan, Y., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.012 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Consciousness and Attention
Tsuchiya, N., & Christof Koch, A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374168-4.00006-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cortical areas in visual awareness
Pollen, D. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377293b0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of sentence context and expectation on the McGurk illusion
Windmann, S. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.10.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Contribution of non-sensory neurons in visual cortical areas to visually guided decisions in the rat
Osako, Y., Ohnuki, T., Tanisumi, Y., Shiotani, K., Manabe, H., Sakurai, Y., & Hirokawa, J. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.099 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mulligan, D., & Hodges, N. J. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0526-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Blindsight after Optic Nerve Injury Indicates Functionality of Spared Fibers
Wüst, S., Kasten, E., & Sabel, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317236876 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Transcranial magnetic stimulation to visual cortex induces suboptimal introspection
Peters, M. A. K., Fesi, J. D., Amendi, N., Knotts, J. D., Lau, H. C., & Ro, T. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dissociating Detection from Localization of Tactile Stimuli
Harris, J. A., Thein, T., & Clifford, C. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0134-04.2004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Awareness and confidence ratings in motion perception without geniculo-striate projection.
Sahraie, A., Weiskrantz, L., & Barbur, J. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00194-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Distinguishing unpredictability from uncertainty in entrepreneurial action theory
Angus, R. W., Packard, M. D., & Clark, B. B. (2022) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-022-00651-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Magnetoencephalographic evidence for non-geniculostriate visual input to human cortical area V5
Holliday, I. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00033-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Converging evidence for the detection of change without awareness
Thornton, I. M., & Fernandez‐Duque, D. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)40045-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Learning to reach for ‘invisible’ visual input
Roseboom, W., & Arnold, D. H. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.036 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dissociation of fMRI activation and awareness in auditory perception task
Colder, B. W., & Tanenbaum, L. N. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00015-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Unconscious processing of invisible visual stimuli
Song, C., & Yao, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38917 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Normal observers show no evidence for blindsight in facial emotion perception
Rajananda, S., Zhu, J., & Peters, M. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1093/nc/niaa023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Role of Risk Aversion in Non-Conscious Decision Making
Wang, S., Krajbich, I. M., Adolphs, R., & Tsuchiya, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00050 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cortical areas in visual awareness
Crick, F., & Christof Koch, A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377294a0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Stimulation in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Changes Subjective Evaluation of Percepts
Chiang, T.-C., Lu, R., Hsieh, S., Chang, Y.-H., & Yang, Y. K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106943 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prior conscious experience enhances conscious perception but does not affect response priming☆
Lamy, D., Carmel, T., & Peremen, Z. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kolb, F. C., & Braun, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Braun, Jochen
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 377
- Issue
- 6547
- Pages
- 336-338
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2100367607
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- blindsight, visual awareness, visual cortex lesions, binocular rivalry
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Optic Disk, Psychophysics, Visual Cortex, Contrast Sensitivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
