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Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death
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“Although viral vectors have been widely used in the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in vitro and in vivo, their fundamental shortcomings, such as the risk of carcinogenesis, limited insertion size, immune responses and difficulty in large-scale production, severely limit their further applications.”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“Zuris et al. injected Cas9:sgRNA complexes targeting GFP gene into the cochlea of transgenic Atoh1-GFP mice. This system resulted in ~20% Cas9-mediated genome modification in hair cells [69].”
From Non-viral delivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [69]
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“Introduction Non-viral gene delivery systems are superior to highly-efficient viral methods in a way being safer as they do not induce unwanted immune responses or aberrant gene expressions [1,2].”
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“The Adv virion consists of an outer icosahedral capsid surrounded by an inner nucleoprotein core as illustrated in Figure 1 [1,2].”
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“Non-viral gene delivery is an alternative approach that avoids the limitations and risks associated with delivering DNA to a cell using viral vectors (Lehrman 1999; Liu and Muruve 2003).”
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“Email: ab11f@clinmed.gla.ac.uk Many setbacks have hit the gene therapy community in recent years, not least the death of Jesse Gelsinger (Lehrman, 1999) and the development of leukaemia in two patients on the severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (SCID) trials in France (Hacein-bey-abina et…”
BackgroundAngiogenic and antiangiogenic gene therapy
Małecki, M., Kołsut, P., & Proczka, R. M. (2005) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302621 · Cited by 37
Gene therapy: principles and applications to hematopoietic cells
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“These concerns have been highlighted by cases of toxicity and mutagenecity observed in patients treated with viral vectors [11,12].”
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“One of the participants suffered from lethal systemic inflammation four days post-treatment [102].”
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“So, the dose of vector that can be injected is limited [11].”
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Liposome-Mediated Suicide Gene Therapy in Humans
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“However, significant concerns regarding the safety of adenovirus gene delivery has been raised after an 18-year-old man with an inherited enzyme deficiency died 4 days after a genetically altered adenovirus vector injection into his liver intravascularly [62].”
BackgroundProgress of Gene Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
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“Such trials can lead to unforeseeable serious harm for research participants, as, for instance, has occurred during early-phase clinical trials of gene therapies in the 1990s, in which research participants have died (103).”
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Numerical optimization of gene electrotransfer into muscle tissue
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“Currently, viral vectors boast the highest transfection efficiency, but this efficiency comes with an increased risk of viral infection [13,14].”
BackgroundGene therapy for the prevention of vein graft disease
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“responses or unwanted gene expression [11].”
Cell-Specific Targeting of Lipid-Based Carriers for ODN and DNA
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“…of leukemia-like conditions in two children due to the employed viral vector have raised safety questions about gene therapy and in particular about viral vectors, which were used in 70% of the clinical trials (Hacein-Bey-Abina et al., 2003; Lehrman, 1999; Marshall, 1999; Raper et al., 2003).”
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From Nucleic Acids Sequences to Molecular Medicine
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Functional polymers of gene delivery for treatment of myocardial infarct
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“However, problems such as high immunogenicity, tumorigenic potential, and inflammation inducement have limited the clinical application of viral vectors (7).”
BackgroundBioinspired peptides as versatile nucleic acid delivery platforms
Gopal, V. (2013) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.021 · Cited by 27
Ou, M., Kim, T., Yockman, J. W., et al. (2009) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.021 · Cited by 26
“While viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and retrevirus, have high gene transfection efficiency, they have limited clinical application due to their inherent potential for immunognicity, tumorigenicity, induction of an inflammatory response, and integration into the host genome[1,21,22].”
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Relph, K., Harrington, K. J., & Pandha, H. S. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7470.839 · Cited by 26
Preventing saphenous vein graft failure: does gene therapy have a role?
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Stem cells: the next therapeutic frontier.
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Blockade of Apoptosis as a Rational Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Sepsis
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“This idea may also be an alternative to gene therapy, which, in the past, has not done well in the clinical setting due to marked inflammatory sequelae and oncogenesis (Lehrman 1999).”
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The evolving role of medical geneticists in the era of gene therapy: An urgency to prepare
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“Throughout that period, gene therapy for rare genetic disorders was often touted as being just around the corner; however, early gene therapy trials encountered serious safety issues that resulted in substantial delays.(5,6)”
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“Gelsinger developed a fever and blood clots throughout his body within hours of treatment to correct partial ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) defi ciency, a rare metabolic disease that can cause a dangerous build-up of ammonia in the body and died four days later[7].”
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“In gene therapy, DNA or RNA molecules are transferred into living cells in order to change their biological function for therapeutic purposes (Cavazzana-Calvo et al. 2000, 2004; Lehrman 1999; Hacein-Bey-Abina et al. 2003).”
BackgroundGelatin nanoparticles enhance delivery of hepatitis C virus recombinant NS2 gene
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“Viral vectors have had problems with immunogenicity (2,3) and carcinogenicity resulting from insertional mutagenicity (4,5).”
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Transplantation of Amniotic Epithelial Cells into Fetal Rat Liver by In Utero Manipulation
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Reproductive tract gene transfer
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A Serum‐Tolerant Hydroxyl‐Modified Polyethylenimine as Versatile Carriers of pDNA/siRNA
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“Especially in gene therapy using viral vectors, the safety issue has not yet been completely resolved, blocking clinical application of gene therapy.(26) Furthermore, another crucial issue could be that delicate control of gene expression is difficult in the present state of gene therapy.”
BackgroundThe deLIVERed promises of gene therapy: Past, present, and future of liver-directed gene therapy
Puzzo, F., & Kay, M. A. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.041 · Cited by 26
“44,70 Due to their non-pathogenic nature and inherent liver uptake and tropism, AAV vectors are currently the preferred vehicle to deliver therapeutic genes for a broad spectrum of diseases.”
Cao, L., Yu, Y.-F., Li, Z., Zhong, N., Wang, G.-R., Xiao, Y., Liu, B., Wu, Q., Feng, C., & Bu, L. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02590-6 · Cited by 28
“The enthusiasm for viral vector research has largely waned after two clinical trials in which the use of viral vectors resulted in the deaths of volunteers [58, 59].”
BackgroundSuccessful liver-directed gene delivery by ERCP-guided hydrodynamic injection (with videos)
Kumbhari, V., Li, L., Piontek, K., Ishida, M., Fu, R., Khalil, B., Garrett, C. M., Liapi, E. A., Kalloo, A. N., & Selaru, F. M. (2018) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2018.06.022 · Cited by 23
“The specific objectives of this study were to (1) ascertain the parameters necessary for intrabiliary-delivered hydrodynamic gene delivery; (2) demonstrate feasibility of liver cell transduction using ERCP; and (3) assess whether successful transduction results in stable expression of the delivered plasmid proteins.”
BackgroundWan, C., Qian, J., Li, F., & Li, H. (2015) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.3703 · Cited by 22
“Although the use of a viral vector is able to provide a high transfer efficiency, the limited payload capacity, difficult large scale production and safety issues, such as potential immunogenicity and oncogenesis may hamper their clinical application (3-5).”
Orthopaedic applications of gene therapy
Lind, M., & Bünger, C. E. (2005) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s00264-005-0650-x · Cited by 22
“However, they do not infect non-dividing cells, and one case of death during a clinical trial has been reported [11], these viruses probably have limited usage in future clinical practice.”
A mechanistic explanation of the inhibitory role of the protein corona on liposomal gene expression
Palchetti, S., Digiacomo, L., Giulimondi, F., Pozzi, D., Peruzzi, G., Ferri, G., Amenitsch, H. W., Cardarelli, F., Mahmoudi, M., & Caracciolo, G. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183159 · Cited by 21
Perivascular administration of drugs and genes as a means of reducing vein graft failure
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“The death of a patient during an adenoviral clinical trial in the US raised additional concerns [80,95].”
BackgroundA small molecule for theraNOstic targeting of cancer cells
Ravikumar, G., Bagheri, M., Saini, D. K., et al. (2017) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c7cc08526e · Cited by 21
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Recombinant Vectors as Influenza Vaccines
Kopecky-Bromberg, S. A., & Palese, P. (2009) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_13 · Cited by 20
“Adenovirus vectors have been used in gene therapy trials as well as for therapy against cancer, and it was during a gene therapy trial that a participant died of an inflammatory response after receiving a high dose of vector (3.8 × 1013 virus particles) (Lehrman 1999; Marshall 1999).”
MethodInfluentialNanocarrier Mediated siRNA Delivery Targeting Stem Cell Differentiation
Fernandes, F., Kotharkar, P., Chakravorty, A., Kowshik, M., & Talukdar, I. (2019) · Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.2174/1574888x14666191202095041 · Cited by 20
TERT promoter-driven adenovirus vector for cancer gene therapy via systemic injection
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Targeted gene therapy: frontiers in the development of 'smart drugs'.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lehrman, S.
- Corresponding author
- Lehrman, Sally
- ORCID
- Lehrman, Sally
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1999-10-07
- Volume
- 401
- Issue
- 6753
- Pages
- 517-518
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1606853210
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 31
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- University of East Anglia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Keywords
- gene therapy, viral vectors, recombinant adeno-associated virus, clinical trial safety
- MeSH terms
- Adenoviridae, Adult, Fever, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Male, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase, Thrombosis, Genetic Therapy, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Fatal Outcome, Risk Assessment, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease, Advisory Committees, Government Regulation, Federal Government, Research Subjects
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