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Reproducibility: A tragedy of errors
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“This usually stems from inappropriate study design or baseline comparisons, and miscalculation.”
From Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Statistical Errors: Implications for Authors, Reviewers, and Editors (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Sometimes, reproducibility is not feasible given a vague description of the methodology.19”
From Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Statistical Errors: Implications for Authors, Reviewers, and Editors (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Similar errors continue today, are sometimes severe enough to call entire studies into question (11), and may occur with nontrivial frequency (12–14).”
From Issues with data and analyses: Errors, underlying themes, and potential solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, correction of errors often requires an arduous process that highlights limitations of the self-correcting nature of science (11).”
From Issues with data and analyses: Errors, underlying themes, and potential solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“As we reported elsewhere (11), the process of getting errors corrected, even when going through proper channels with journals, is often some combination of absurdly slow, inept, confusing, costly, time-intensive, and unsatisfying.”
From Issues with data and analyses: Errors, underlying themes, and potential solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Experience indicates that the handling of such errors (both purported and confirmed) is haphazard, unduly slow, inconsistent, and often markedly socially inappropriate (11, 80, 81).”
From Issues with data and analyses: Errors, underlying themes, and potential solutions (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Much of the difficulty to achieve the desirable clinical translation may stem from lack of reproducibility and from biases in the early stages of the translational pipeline3,4.”
From How to design preclinical studies in nanomedicine and cell therapy to maximize the prospects of clinical translation (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
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Bland, M., & Altman, D. G. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.119768 · Cited by 136
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Self-citationErrors in statistical analysis and questionable randomization lead to unreliable conclusions.
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- George, B. J., Brown, A. W. & Allison, D. B. J. Paramedical Sci. 6, 153–154 (2015).
- George, B. J. et al. Obesity (in the press).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Allison, D. B., Brown, A. W., George, B. J., & Kaiser, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allison, David B.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-02-03
- Volume
- 530
- Issue
- 7588
- Pages
- 27-29
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4831566
- OpenAlex
- W2263593861
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22
- FWCI
- 175.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK056336)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Publishing and Scholarly Communication
- Keywords
- reproducibility, research errors, peer review, scholarly publishing, research integrity, error correction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Periodicals as Topic, Research Design, Retraction of Publication as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Peer Review, Research, Access to Information, Editorial Policies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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