Orthostatic hypotension is associated with nocturnal change in systolic blood pressure
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The circadian pattern of blood pressure (BP) has yet to be defined among individuals with orthostatic hypotension (OH). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether OH is associated with nocturnal change in systolic BP. METHODS: In a prospective study, we evaluated patients who were referred for 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). All subjects underwent orthostatic BP testing before recording their respective 24-h ABPM. RESULTS: The study includes 185 subjects, 114 males, mean age 58 ± 18 years (range 19-89). Participants were classified, based on pattern of systolic BP changes at night, as dippers (greater than 10% decrease; n = 74), nondippers (0-10% decrease; n = 77), and reverse-dippers (increase; n = 34). Nineteen patients (10.3%) had OH. Almost all participants with OH (95%) had an abnormal diurnal BP pattern, and most of them (58%) were reverse-dippers, whereas only 56% of the participants without OH had an abnormal diurnal BP variation, and only 14% were reverse-dippers (P < 0.001). Systolic BP decreased with upright posture by 12 and 2 mm Hg in the reverse-dippers and the nondippers, respectively, and increased by 2 mm Hg in the dippers (P < 0.001). Postural changes in systolic BP were inversely related to the changes between day and night BP readings(r = -0.43; P < 0.01). In a multivariate linear regression analysis, orthostatic BP change, use of ≥2 antihypertensive drugs and female sex were related to nocturnal BP changes. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in BP during upright posture may be a marker of nondipping or reverse-dipping pattern of diurnal BP.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
OH is frequently associated with a nocturnal 'non-dipping' or even 'reverse-dipping' BP pattern in patients with autonomic failure, with relevant therapeutic and prognostic implications.
“There is strong evidence that OH is frequently associated with a nocturnal 'non-dipping' or even 'reverse-dipping' BP pattern in patients with autonomic failure, with relevant therapeutic and prognostic implications 140,148-151”
From 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (2018) · cites this paper as [150]
The original contributions section says many patients with autonomic failure have both OH and a nondipping pattern, and the discussion reports an association of OH with nondipping or reverse-dipping in the study population. But the study did not establish that association specifically for reverse-dipping in patients with autonomic failure. The discussion treats prognosis as an inference it could not directly assess, and discusses treatment timing as a possible confounder rather than establishing therapeutic implications (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.5.1470 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension.
Verdecchia, P., Schillaci, G., Guerrieri, M., Gatteschi, C., Benemio, G., Boldrini, F., & Porcellati, C. (1990) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.81.2.528 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study
Boggia, J., Li, Y., Thijs, L., Hansen, T. W., Kikuya, M., Björklund-Bodegård, K., Richart, T., Ohkubo, T., Kuznetsova, T., Torp-Pedersen, C., et al. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61538-4 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Monitoring
Pickering, T. G., Shimbo, D., & Haas, D. C. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra060433 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Rutan, G. H., Hermanson, B., Bild, D. E., Kittner, S. J., LaBaw, F., & Tell, G. S. (1992) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.19.6.508 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Silent cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. Correlation with ambulatory pressure.
Shimada, K., Kawamoto, A., Matsubayashi, K., & Ozawa, T. (1990) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.16.6.692 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Circadian Blood Pressure Patterns in Hypertensive Patients
de la Sierra, A., Redon, J., Banegas, J. R., Segura, J., Parati, G., Gorostidi, M., de la Cruz, J. J., Sobrino, J., Llisterri, J. L., Alonso, J., et al. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.124008 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Diurnal Variations of Blood Pressure and Microalbuminuria in Essential Hypertension
Bianchi, S., Bigazzi, R., Baldari, G., Sgherri, G., & Campese, V. M. (1994) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/7.1.23 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Orthostatic Hypotension Predicts Mortality in Middle-Aged Adults
Rose, K. M., Eigenbrodt, M. L., Biga, R. L., Couper, D. J., Light, K. C., Sharrett, A. R., & HEISS, G. M. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.598722 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Verdecchia, P., Schillaci, G., Gatteschi, C., Zampi, I., Battistelli, M., Bartoccini, C., & Porcellati, C. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.3.986 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Prognosis of Diastolic and Systolic Orthostatic Hypotension in Older Persons
Luukinen, H., Koski, K., Laippala, P. J., & Kivelä, S. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.3.273 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Cuspidi, C., Meani, S., Salerno, M., Valerio, C., Fusi, V., Severgnini, B., Lonati, L. M., Magrini, F., & Zanchetti, A. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200402000-00010 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertension: ambulatory blood pressure
Kario, K. (2009) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2009.56 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Hermida, R. C., Ayala, D. E., Fernandez, J. R., Portaluppi, F., Fabbian, F., & Smolensky, M. H. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.217 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Orthostatic Hypotension in Acute Geriatric Ward
Weiss, A. T., Grossman, E., Beloosesky, Y., & Grinblat, J. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.20.2369 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationFagard, R. H., & Cort, P. D. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.151654 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Manning, G., Rushton, L., Donnelly, R., & Millar-Craig, M. W. (2000) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(00)00261-2 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Relationship Between Extreme Dippers and Orthostatic Hypertension in Elderly Hypertensive Patients
Kario, K., Eguchi, K., Nakagawa, Y., Motai, K., & Shimada, K. (1998) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.31.1.77 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes
Schmidt, C., Berg, D., Herting, Prieur, S., Junghanns, S., Schweitzer, K., Globas, C., Schöls, L., Reichmann, H., & Ziemssen, T. (2009) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22767 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Jones, S. C., Bilous, M., Winship, S., Finn, P., & Goodwin, J. H. (2004) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-200408000-00007 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Blood Pressure Dipping and Sleep Disturbance in African-American and Caucasian Men and Women
Matthews, K. A., Kamarck, T. W., Hall, M. H., Strollo, P. J., Owens, J. F., Buysse, D. J., Lee, L., & Reís, S. E. (2008) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.183 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Weiss, A. T., Beloosesky, Y., Kornowski, R., Yalov, A., Grinblat, J., & Grossman, E. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00450.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationStenehjem, A., & Os, I. (2004) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050410021432 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hermida, R. C., Ayala, D. E., Mojón, A., & Fernández, J. R. (2009) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.260 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Characteristics of 100 Consecutive Patients Presenting With Orthostatic Hypotension
Ejaz, A. A., Haley, W. E., Wasiluk, A., Meschia, J. F., & Fitzpatrick, P. M. (2004) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/79.7.890 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Blood Pressure Nondipping Profile in Untreated Hypertension
Hermida, R. C., Chayán, L., Ayala, D. E., Mojón, A., Dominguez, M. J., Fontao, M. J., Soler, R., Alonso, I., & Fernández, J. R. (2009) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.358 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Orthostatic Hypotension Due to Autonomic Disorders in the Hypertension Clinic
MANSOOR, G. (2006) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.09.019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nocturnal dipping is reproducible in the long term
McGowan, N., Gough, K., & Padfield, P. L. (2009) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/mbp.0b013e32832ff4e1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Narkiewicz, K., Piccolo, D., Borella, P., Businaro, R., Zonzin, P., & Palatini, P. (1995) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01929.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope
Brignole, M., Moya, A., de Lange, F. J., Deharo, J.-C., Elliott, P. M., Fanciulli, A., Fedorowski, A., Furlan, R., Kenny, R. A., Martín, A., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037 · Cited by 1,951 · see citing works
2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope
Brignole, M., Moya‐Mitjans, À., de Lange, F. J., Deharo, J., Elliot, P. M., Fanciulli, A., Fedorowski, A., Furlan, R., Kenny, R. A., Martiın, A., et al. (2018) · Kardiologia Polska · doi:10.5603/kp.2018.0161 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
Kaufmann, H., Freeman, R. L., Biaggioni, I., Low, P. A., Pedder, S. C. J., Hewitt, L. A., Mauney, J., Feirtag, M., & Mathias, C. J. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000615 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension
Grossman, E. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dcs13-2039 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationSystemic and Ocular Hemodynamic Risk Factors in Glaucoma
Choi, J., & Kook, M. S. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/141905 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Jordan, J., Ricci, F., Hoffmann, F., Hamrefors, V., & Fedorowski, A. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14340 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Juraschek, S. P., Cortez, M. M., Flack, J. M., Ghazi, L., Kenny, R. A., Rahman, M., Spikes, T. A., Shibao, C. A., & Biaggioni, I. (2024) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000236 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Blood Pressure Variability and Autonomic Dysfunction
Spallone, V. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1108-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chisholm, P., & Anpalahan, M. (2016) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.13171 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Xin, W., Lin, Z., & Li, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063169 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Management of Supine Hypertension Complicating Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension
Baker, J. R., & Kimpinski, K. (2017) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0453-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Orthostatic hypotension: definition, classification and evaluation
Tzur, I., Izhakian, S., & Gorelik, O. (2019) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2019.1604067 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wave Reflections, Arterial Stiffness, and Orthostatic Hypotension
Sung, S., Chen, Z.-Y., Tseng, T.-W., Lu, D., Yu, W., Cheng, H., & Chen, C.-H. (2014) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu063 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Leibowitz, A., Grossman, E., Berkovitch, A., Levartovsky, M., Appel, S., Sharabi, Y., & Gluck, I. (2017) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpx158 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Association of Orthostatic Hypotension With Ambulatory Blood Pressure Phenotypes in SPRINT
Ghazi, L., Drawz, P. E., Pajewski, N. M., & Juraschek, S. P. (2020) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaa184 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sun, J., Yang, W., Zhu, Y., Liu, X., Wei, X., Wang, B., Zhong, J., & Fu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12369 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Labile hypertension: a new disease or a variability phenomenon?
Sanidas, E. A., Grassos, C. A., Papadopoulos, D. P., Velliou, M., Tsioufis, K., Mantzourani, M., Perrea, D. N., Iliopoulos, D., Barbetseas, J. D., & Papademetriou, V. (2019) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-018-0157-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Should melatonin be used to lower blood pressure?
Grossman, E. (2013) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2013.29 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationOrthostatic hypotension and night-time dipper patterns in geriatric outpatients
Patetta, L. M. A., Reffo, A., Trevisan, C., Curreri, C., Giantin, V., Franchin, A., & Sergi, G. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-00950-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ghazi, L., Cohen, J. B., Townsend, R. R., Drawz, P. E., Rahman, M., Pradhan, N., Cohen, D. L., Weir, M. R., Rincon-Choles, H., & Juraschek, S. P. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003604 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
Cheshire, W. P. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs · doi:10.1517/21678707.2015.1113873 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Clinical Conditions and Predictive Markers of Non-Dipper Profile in Hypertensive Patients
Ţilea, I., Petra, D. N., Ardeleanu, E., Huţanu, A., & Varga, A. (2018) · Acta Marisiensis. Seria Medica · doi:10.2478/amma-2018-0006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prasitlumkum, N., Kewcharoen, J., Angsubhakorn, N., Chongsathidkiet, P., & Rattanawong, P. (2019) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2019.07.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Grossman, E., Voichanski, S., Grossman, C., & Leibowitz, A. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.197152 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAmbulatory Blood Pressure Measurements in the Management of Hypertension: Practical Importance
Pakshirajan, B., & Sankaradas, A. M. (2015) · Hypertension Journal · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10043-0003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Night, Darkness, Sleep, and Cardiovascular Activity
Silvani, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28008-6_38 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Autonomes Nervensystem und Reflexsynkope
BOSCH, R. F. (2021) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-021-00775-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Orthostatic hypotension is associated with higher levels of circulating endostatin
Ricci, F., Larsson, A. O., Ruge, T., Galanti, K., Hamrefors, V., Sutton, R., Olshansky, B., Fedorowski, A., & Johansson, M. (2024) · European Heart Journal Open · doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeae030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grossman, E. (2019) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001919 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMalaise, lipothymie et syncope
Cambournac-Buan, A., Dadone, B. C., & Trinh-Duc, A. (2014) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1241-8234(22)47282-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation and Management of Reflex Vasovagal Syncope—A Review
Udyavar, A. R., & Deshpande, S. A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1177/26324636211050154 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neue europäische Synkopen-Leitlinie – was ist für die Praxis wichtig?
Stockburger, M. A. (2018) · Aktuelle Kardiologie · doi:10.1055/a-0796-6377 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension and Nocturnal Blood Pressure
Bursztyn, M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12602
Jones, C. D., Loehr, L. R., Franceschini, N., Rosamond, W. D., Chang, P. P., Shahar, E., Couper, D. J., & Rose, K. M. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.197251
La hipotensión ortostática, esa gran desconocida
Velilla-Zancada, S. M., Prieto-Díaz, M. Á., Escobar-Cervantes, C., & Manzano, L. (2016) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2016.09.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Night, Darkness, Sleep, and Cardiovascular Activity
Silvani, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90305-7_38-1
Secondary Hypertension of Other Type
Wang, R., Tuerdi, Z., Bi, Y., Pan, F., Zhang, Z., Yang, W., & Duiyimuhan, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0591-1_19
Hypotensive Syndromes and Heart Failure
Alagiakrishnan, K., Mah, D., & Ahmed, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30332-7_12
Development, prevalence and treatment of blood pressure abnormalities in spinal cord injury
Goh, M. Y. (2019) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Haubrich, C., & Klingenheben, T. (2021) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-021-00779-y
ДОБОВИЙ ПРОФІЛЬ АРТЕРІАЛЬНОГО ТИСКУ В ДІТЕЙ ІЗ СИНКОПЕ ВНАСЛІДОК ОРТОСТАТИЧНОЇ ГІПОТЕНЗІЇ
Ковальчук, Т. А. (2022) · Актуальні питання педіатрії акушерства та гінекології · doi:10.11603/24116-4944.2021.2.12672
Diagnosis and Management of Supine and Nocturnal Hypertension in Orthostatic Hypotension: A Review
Aravinthan, P., Aravinthan, T., Anpalahan, A., & Anpalahan, M. (2022) · Current Hypertension Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573402119666221222160649
Schwindel aus internistischer Sicht
Emrani, M., & Napp, A. (2023) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1928-6142
Adrian-Lancelle, M., & Trinh-Duc, A. (2023) · EMC - Urgenze · doi:10.1016/s1286-9341(23)47925-2
Schwindel aus internistischer Sicht
Emrani, M., & Napp, A. (2023) · Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie · doi:10.1055/a-2194-5634
Talati, A., Karalasingham, K., Lei, L. Y., Sheldon, R. S., & Raj, S. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15734-9.00026-1
Developing a nomogram to identify patients at risk of orthostatic hypotension in Chinese patients
Zheng, S., Pan, M., Wu, P., & Cai, W. (2025) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/mbp.0000000000000760
- Authors
- Voichanski, S., Grossman, C., Leibowitz, A., Peleg, E., Koren-Morag, N., Sharabi, Y., Shamiss, A., & Grossman, E.
- Affiliations
- Sheba Medical Center (IL)
- Meir Medical Center (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Grossman, E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Hypertension
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-02-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-164
- ISSN
- 0895-7061 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-7225
- OpenAlex
- W2148692074
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- orthostatic hypotension, nocturnal blood pressure dipping, diurnal blood pressure variation, systolic blood pressure, postural blood pressure changes, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, antihypertensive drugs, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Circadian Rhythm, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hypotension, Orthostatic, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
