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“As of January 2023, the DrugCentral database contains 2331 FDA-approved human drugs associated with 2644 drug indications and 866 off-label uses (47).”
From Artificial Intelligence for Drug Discovery: Are We There Yet? (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
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Unexplored therapeutic opportunities in the human genome
Oprea, T. I., Bologa, C. G., Brunak, S., Campbell, A., Gan, G. N., Gaulton, A., Gomez, S. M., Guha, R., Hersey, A., Holmes, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.14 · Cited by 378
Self-citationTherapies for rare diseases: therapeutic modalities, progress and challenges ahead
Tambuyzer, E., Vandendriessche, B., Austin, C. P., Brooks, P. J., Larsson, K., Miller Needleman, K. I., Valentine, J., Davies, K., Groft, S. C., Preti, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0049-9 · Cited by 357
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Haendel, M. A., Chute, C. G., & Robinson, P. N. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1615014 · Cited by 324
Self-citationErratum: Unexplored therapeutic opportunities in the human genome
Oprea, T. I., Bologa, C., Brunak, S., Campbell, A., Gan, G. N., Gaulton, A., Gomez, S. M., Guha, R., Hersey, A., Holmes, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.52 · Cited by 303
Self-citationA Census of Disease Ontologies
Haendel, M. A., McMurry, J. A., Relevo, R., Mungall, C. J., Robinson, P. N., & Chute, C. G. (2018) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-080917-013459 · Cited by 49
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Patrick, M. T., Bardhi, R., Zhou, W., Elder, J. T., Gudjonsson, J. E., & Tsoi, L. C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20461975
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Additional file 1 of Use of the bibliometric in rare diseases: taking Wilson disease personally
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Gittus, M., Chong, J., Sutton, A., Ong, A. C. M., & Fotheringham, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23354413
Additional file 5 of The national economic burden of rare disease in the United States in 2019
Yang, G., Cintina, I., Pariser, A., Oehrlein, E., Sullivan, J., & Kennedy, A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19589250
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Chalamon, I. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-03-2025-0027
Policy evaluation frameworks for rare diseases: a scoping review
Barsbay, M. Ç., & AYDAMAK, M. Y. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13878-0
“Most rare diseases are genetic in origin [4], and their number continues to expand as new conditions are identified [5].”
The plight of rare diseases in Southern Africa: health and social services policy recommendations
David, A., Alimohamed, M. Z., Modern, G., Mbarak, S., Mad-hy, H., Ozcan, B., Mtshali, N., Tshijila, H., du Plessis, K., Selebatso, E., et al. (2025) · Future Rare Diseases · doi:10.1080/23995270.2025.2607961
Complex Communication Needs Among Children with Rare Diseases
Kamyk-Wawryszuk, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_483-1
Cooperstein, I. B., Ward, A., Kobren, S. N., Lebleu, E., Moore, B., Spillmann, R. C., Shashi, V., Undiagnosed Diseases Network, & Marth, G. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.26344236
“More than 80% of the approximately 10,000 recognized rare diseases are presumed to have a genetic basis, yet causal genes or variants have been identified for fewer than half [2, 3].”
Hani, M. E., Ratbi, I., Zerkaoui, M., Jdioui, W., Rifai, L., Cherrah, Y., Izgua, A. T., & Serragui, S. (2026) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2026.01.003
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“Depending on the definition, as many as 10 000 RDs have been identified [ 1 ], and it is estimated that at least 6% of the European population suffers from some RD [ 2 ].”
Medicine Development and Access for Rare Diseases: Can We Do Better?
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Current landscape of orphan disease clinical research in Colombia: a scoping review
Leal-Bernal, C., Neri-Morales, C., Rodríguez, G., Hernández, D. C., & Reynales, H. (2026) · Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1007/s44162-026-00161-x
“An estimated 5,000–8,000 orphan diseases have been identified worldwide, yet Colombia only recognizes 2247 as per the 023 resolution of 2023 [13, 27].”
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“Improving care for people living with RD is therefore considered both a public health challenge and a human rights priority in Europe [5, 6].”
Blease, C., Jones, J. R., Blease, C. E., Kharko, A., Sanchez, C. G., & Mandl, K. D. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.93720
Prospective and challenges of rare genetic diseases in India
Panja, A., Tripathy, I., & Dolai, T. K. (2026) · Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics · doi:10.1186/s43042-025-00831-3
Deep Learning-Assisted Progeria Diagnosis Using GAN-Enhanced Medical Image Augmentation
Hemalatha, R., & Janapala, D. K. (2025) · Asian Conference on Intelligent Technologies (ACOIT) · doi:10.1109/acoit66109.2025.11436321
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“More than 70% of rare disease have a genetic origin (Groft et al., 2021; Haendel et al., 2020).”
Casieri, F., Vitale, D., & Selicorni, A. (2026) · Medico e Bambino · doi:10.53126/meb45235
DRD1-driven infantile dystonia: towards a mechanism-informed framework for GPCR receptoropathies
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“Rare diseases are disorders that affect 0.1% of the population [46].”
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Knowledge Graphs and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Drug Repurposing on Rare Diseases
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“Additional difficulties in diagnosis lie in the lack of agreement in rare disease definitions and how to address variants of uncertain clinical significance [7].”
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Integrative Literature Review on the Lived Experiences of Parents of Children with a Rare Disease
Guillari, A., Ballfusha, K., Palazzo, C., Martino, M. D., & Giordano, V. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14111437
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Menopause in rare diseases: Shared research concerns and the case for a dedicated subfield
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“With advances in molecular genetics, variants in genes regulating craniofacial development (e.g., SHH, TWIST1, ZIC2, GLI3) have been linked to related anomalies, but no definitive genetic cause for isolated craniofacial duplication has been established [12].”
Mansoob, S., Hellström, D., Burstedt, M. K. O., Grände, M., Gunnarsson, C., Juran, S., Lovmar, L., Sandgren, K., Soller, M. J., Wedell, A., et al. (2026) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-026-00276-9
“The United Nations (UN) has urged all member states to accelerate their efforts to enhance the quality and equity of healthcare for the 263–446 million individuals living with RD, which include around 7.000 distinct conditions [5, 6].”
InfluentialStern, S., Zhang, Y., Pressly, M. A., Yang, X., Abdel‐Rahman, S. M., Wang, J., Chen, M.-C., Chen, C., Pepe, S., Doi, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2026.104401
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“This lack of identification results in inequalities in accessing a timely diagnosis and appropriate care, hinders data collection on RDs natural history and their individual and societal burdens, and complicates patient recruitment for clinical research and therapy development [4,8,17,49].”
InfluentialSelf-citationComplex Communication Needs Among Children with Rare Diseases
Kamyk-Wawryszuk, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11375-7_483
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“Rare diseases (RDs) comprise approximately 7,000 distinct clinical conditions that profoundly affect the lives of patients and their families, most of which are caused by genetic abnormalities (Haendel et al., 2020).”
Muller, R., Chiu, L., Votoupal, M., Wojnaroski, M., Rosenman, M. B., Patel, A. D., Carroll, M., Leavens, K., Dixon‐Salazar, T., & Lam, S. K. (2026) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2026.107890
Level of Knowledge on Rare Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Future Healthcare Professionals
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“Part of the reason is the sheer number of rare and ultra-rare diseases (RDs), estimated to be >10,000 (2), which makes it impossible for any clinician to be familiar with all of them.”
Self-citationPersonalized drug discovery from rare diseases to cancer
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“Despite this rarity of each individual rare disease, with over 10,000 conditions identi fi ed, they cumulatively affect up to 10% of the population 16 , approaching the global diabetes prevalence of 11% and even exceeding it in many, e.g., European, countries 17 .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Haendel, M., Vasilevsky, N., Unni, D., Bologa, C., Harris, N., Rehm, H., Hamosh, A., Baynam, G., Groza, T., McMurry, J., Dawkins, H., Rath, A., Thaxton, C., Bocci, G., Joachimiak, M. P., Köhler, S., Robinson, P. N., Mungall, C., & Oprea, T. I.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Government of Western Australia Department of Health (AU)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haendel, Melissa
- Oprea, Tudor I.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2019-11-05
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 77-78
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- PMC
- PMC7771654
- OpenAlex
- W2988630324
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 22.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U24TR002278, R24OD011883)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U41HG009650, U41HG006627, RM1HG010860, U24HG009650)
- National Cancer Institute (U24CA224370, U01CA239108, P30CA118100)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Keywords
- rare diseases, disease prevalence, disease definition, disease burden, rare disease epidemiology, rare disease research
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Phenotype, Rare Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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