mRNA flu shots move into trials
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The success of mRNA vaccines in the COVID-19 vaccine race emphasized the promising potential of this technology in a wide variety of future applications, including other infectious diseases, cancer therapy, and protein replacement therapies.
“The success of mRNA vaccines in the COVID-19 vaccine race emphasized the promising potential of this technology in a wide variety of future applications,176,177 including other infectious diseases,4 cancer therapy,178,179 and protein replacement therapies,180,181”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [177]
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Uyeki, T. M., Hui, D. S. C., Zambon, M. C. F. A., Wentworth, D. E., & Monto, A. S. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00982-5 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments
Szabó, G. T., Mahiny, A. J., & Vlatkovic, I. (2022) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.016 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Vijaykrishna, D., Sullivan, S. G., Edwards, K. M., Xie, R., Khvorov, A., Valkenburg, S. A., Cowling, B. J., & Barr, I. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29402-5 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Design of lipid-based nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids
Mendonça, M. C. P., Kont, A., Kowalski, P. S., & O’Driscoll, C. M. (2023) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103505 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Lee, I. T., Nachbagauer, R., Ensz, D. J., Schwartz, H., Carmona, L., Schaefers, K., Avanesov, A. S., Stadlbauer, D., Henry, C., Chen, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39376-7 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Pivotal Role of Chemical Modifications in mRNA Therapeutics
Liu, A., & Wang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.901510 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Prominent among these substitutions is the replacement of uridine with pseudouridine (Ψ) and its methylated analog N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m(1)Ψ), which have been shown to dramatically reduce the stimulation caused by transcripts carrying these modified nucleotides (Dolgin, 2021b; Morais et al., 2021).”
BackgroundGeneration of a live attenuated influenza A vaccine by proteolysis targeting
Si, L., Shen, Q., Li, J., Chen, L., Shen, J., Xiao, X., Bai, H., Feng, T., Ye, A. Y., Li, L., et al. (2022) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-022-01381-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Soens, M., Ananworanich, J., Hicks, B., et al. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126847 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
mRNA vaccines: The future of prevention of viral infections?
Rzymski, P., Szuster‐Ciesielska, A., Dzieciątkowski, T., Gwenzi, W., & Fal, A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28572 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“It is a natural step for any emerging vaccine platform, including mRNA technology, to approach the influenza vaccine market as it is projected to reach a value of $10 billion by 2030.(157) However, this market can already offer a variety of vaccines from different manufacturers and encompass live attenuated vaccines f…”
Backgroundvan de Ven, K., Lanfermeijer, J., van Dijken, H., Muramatsu, H., de Melo, C. V. B., Lenz, S., Peters, F., Beattie, M. B., Lin, P. J. C., Ferreira, J. A., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adc9937 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Seasonal influenza vaccine performance and the potential benefits of mRNA vaccines
Russell, C. A., Fouchier, R. A. M., Ghaswalla, P. K., Park, Y., Vicic, N., Ananworanich, J., Nachbagauer, R., & Rudin, D. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2336357 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…may limit the ability of the virus to escape immune responses through antigenic drift. mRNA influenza vaccines targeting both HA and NA are currently in clinical development (mRNA-1020 and mRNA-1030, Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05333289), 109 along with an mRNA vaccine targeting only NA (Sanofi).”
Sanyal, G. (2022) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00470-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ananworanich, J., Lee, I. T., Ensz, D. J., Carmona, L., Schaefers, K., Avanesov, A. S., Stadlbauer, D., Choi, A., Pucci, A., McGrath, S. M., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae329 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Analyzing immune responses to varied mRNA and protein vaccine sequences
Park, H.-J., Bang, Y., Kwon, S. P., Kwak, W., Park, S., Roh, G., Bae, S., Kim, J., Kwak, H. W., Kim, Y., et al. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00684-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Current Vaccine Platforms in Enhancing T-Cell Response
Ura, T., Takeuchi, M., Kawagoe, T., Mizuki, N., Okuda, K., & Shimada, M. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081367 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recent Advances, Approaches and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines
Lim, C. M. L., Komarasamy, T. V., Adnan, N. A. A., Radhakrishnan, A. K., & Balasubramaniam, V. R. M. T. (2024) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.13276 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“A number of mRNA-based seasonal flu vaccines as well as UIVs are currently in the clinical trials [59, 60].”
BackgroundMaine, C. J., Miyake-Stoner, S. J., Spasova, D. S., Picarda, G. G. A., Chou, A. C., Brand, E. D., Olesiuk, M. D., Domingo, C. C., Little, H. J., Goodman, T. T., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-55843-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“A narrow TI has caused challenges for mRNA technology as exempli fi ed by suboptimal clinical performance of multivalent vaccines 5 – 7 .”
Gärtner, B. C., Weinke, T., Wahle, K., Kwetkat, A., Beier, D., Schmidt, K. J., & Schwarz, T. F. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rcheulishvili, N., Mao, J., Papukashvili, D., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, J., Xie, F., Pan, X., Ji, Y., He, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.066 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Seasonal quadrivalent mRNA vaccine prevents and mitigates influenza infection
Kackos, C. M., DeBeauchamp, J., Davitt, C. J. H., Lonzarić, J., Sealy, R. E., Hurwitz, J. L., Samsa, M. M., & Webby, R. J. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00752-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development Toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response
Carascal, M. B., Pavon, R. D. N., & Rivera, W. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.878943 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The mRNA Vaccine Technology Era and the Future Control of Parasitic Infections
You, H., Jones, M. K., Gordon, C. A., Arganda, A. E., Cai, P., Al-Wassiti, H., Pouton, C. W., & McManus, D. P. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00241-21 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kandinov, B., Soens, M., Huang, W., Llapur, C. J., Ensz, D. J., Essink, B. J., Fierro, C. A., Vakil, J., Pucci, A., Guo, J., et al. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2484088 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“3 The mRNA platform could increase antigenic fidelity against circulating strains by potentially enabling selection of candidate vaccine viruses closer to seasonal onset, 3–5 and avoiding aberrant mutations that can occur with egg-based vaccine platforms.”
Engineering Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Immunotherapy
Zwolsman, R. C., Darwish, Y. B., Kluza, E., & van der Meel, R. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Development of an LNP-Encapsulated mRNA-RBD Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants
Liu, C., Rcheulishvili, N., Shen, Z., Papukashvili, D., Xie, F., Wang, Z., Wang, X., He, Y., & Wang, P. G. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14051101 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Universal Flu mRNA Vaccine: Promises, Prospects, and Problems
Deviatkin, A. A., Simonov, R. A., Trutneva, K. A., Maznina, A. A., Khavina, E. M., & Volchkov, P. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050709 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, while current vaccines are safe, their efficacy and coverage leaves space for improvement, which, in theory, can be improved upon by using mRNA vaccines [97].”
BackgroundThe race toward a universal influenza vaccine: Front runners and the future directions
Hu, L., Lao, G., Liu, R., Feng, J., Long, F., & Peng, T. (2022) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105505 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Spergel, A. K. R., Ananworanich, J., Guo, R., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03591-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This same mRNA platform offers advantages over current platforms for influenza vaccines by avoiding mutations or different glycosylation patterns acquired during production in eggs or cell lines which could impact vaccine effectiveness 29,30 .”
The impact of egg adaptation and immune imprinting on influenza vaccine effectiveness
Ashraf, M., Stein, A., Youhanna, J. E., Rockman, S. P., McMahon, M., McGovern, I., Rajaram, S., & Miller, M. S. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127393 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Forster, A. H., & Jünger, M. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2050123 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Since their use in the COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing global (including commercial) interest in use of RNA-based vaccines for other diseases including seasonal influenza.(26,27)”
BackgroundRcheulishvili, N., Papukashvili, D., Liu, C., Ji, Y., He, Y., & Wang, P. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025884 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Therefore, considering its promising potential, the development of an mRNA vaccine against influenza undoubtedly makes sense (17, 18).”
BackgroundThe health of influenza surveillance and pandemic preparedness in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic
Daniels, R. S., & McCauley, J. W. (2023) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001822 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hu, X., Liu, C., Rcheulishvili, N., Wang, Y., Xiong, T., Xie, F., Wang, X., Chen, R., Wang, P. G., & He, Y. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02909-24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Indeed, the mRNA vaccine strategy has been successfully used for the prevention of various viral and bacterial infections in preclinical (28–31) and clinical (32–34) studies, as well as commercially available coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines (35).”
Universal flu vaccines: a shot at lifelong cardioprotection?
Behrouzi, B., & Udell, J. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00670-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
mRNA vaccines: hope beneath the hype
Extance, A. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n2744 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vaccines for Respiratory Viruses—COVID and Beyond
Rajanala, K., & Upadhyay, A. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12080936 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Monovalent and quadrivalent mRNA vaccines for influenza are under clinical development [88–90], and efforts to develop multivalent mRNA vaccines to protect against different influenza subtypes are underway [91,92].”
BackgroundSee, S. A., Bhassu, S., Tang, S.-S., & Yusoff, K. (2024) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2024.105264 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Global Pandemic Preparedness: Optimizing Our Capabilities and the Influenza Experience
Rockman, S. P., Taylor, B., McCauley, J. W., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10040589 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gerold, M. N., Toth, E., Blair, R. H., Gao, R. Y., Nadkarni, D. V., Barua, S., Woods, J., Rowlen, K. L., & Dawson, E. D. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12101144 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…of a single pathogen [14–16], including bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines [14,15], multivalent influenza vaccines targeting 4 hemagglutinin (HA) [14,16] proteins and neuraminidase (NA) proteins [16,17], and combination seasonal influenza/COVID-19 vaccine targets [14,16]. mRNA comprises (5 ′ to 3 ′…”
BackgroundInfluentialXu, H., Fan, J., Liu, J., Qi, W. D., Li, R., Yuan, P., Xiao, B., Piao, Y., Sun, W., Xiang, J., et al. (2025) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2025.110833 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Harnessing the Potential of mRNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases
Rezk, N., & McClean, S. (2025) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.70212 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“One of the main advantages of mRNA vaccines is that they can be customised and modified rapidly, which is particularly significant for pathogens that are constantly evolving (Dolgin 2021).”
Ellison, T. J., Talbott, G. C., & Henderson, D. R. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Filippidis, P., Vionnet, J., Manuel, O., & Mombelli, M. (2021) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2013808 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of a novel multivalent mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in experimental animals
Min, S. E., Gu, E.-Y., Jang, M. S., Lee, Y.-J., Han, J., Lee, W. G., Jeong, S. I., Song, J. Y., Lee, I., Kwon, H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07661-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chatterjee, A., Ambrose, K. D., Canaday, D. H., Delair, S. F., Ezike, N. O., Huber, V. C., Jhaveri, R. R., Nyquist, A., Sporer, A. J., Varman, M., et al. (2023) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2023.2284386 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nanoscale Vaccines for Influenza
Bhangde, S., Lodaya, R. N., & Amiji, M. M. (2023) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39020-3_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saisonale Influenza – Aktuelles zu Epidemiologie, Prävention und Therapie
Brehm, T. T., & Hennigs, A. (2022) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1838-9223 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Changing Views toward mRNA based Covid Vaccines in the Scientific Literature: 2020 - 2024
Thoene, M. A. (2024) · Polish Annals of Medicine · doi:10.29089/paom/189961 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Messenger RNA vaccines in the prevention of allergic diseases
Li, S., Zheng, Y., & Cheng, L. (2025) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2025.101150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“23 –28 Meanwhile, clinical studies have delved into the preventive potential of mRNA vaccines for various infectious diseases, including rabies, 29 influenza, 30 Zika virus and cytomegalovirus, 31 especially COVID-19.”
Vaccins contre la grippe : à la recherche d’une meilleure efficacité
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Lipid Nanoparticles to Harness the Therapeutic Potential of mRNA for Cancer Treatment
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mRNA vaccines: The new frontier
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- Authors
- Dolgin, E.
- Corresponding author
- Dolgin, Elie
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
- Published
- 2021-10-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 801-803
- ISSN
- 1474-1776 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1784
- OpenAlex
- W3207806177
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 2
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, influenza vaccination, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine development, clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- mRNA Vaccines, Vaccine Efficacy, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Influenza Vaccines, RNA, Messenger, Vaccines, Synthetic
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